ἀβάθ <Semitic?; Early Byzantine period; Loanword?/Gloss?>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀβάθ – ‘teacher’ in the Cypriot dialect (Hsch. α 47); the gloss ἀβάθ· διδάσκαλος. Κύπριοι – “abath: teacher. Cyprians” has been treated as corrupt and emended: 1. ἀβά· ὁ διδάσκαλος. Κύπριοι (W. Gesenius); 2. ἀβάθων· διδάσκαλος. Κύπριοι (K. Latte); 3. ἀβώθ (or ἀβόθ)· διδάσκαλος. Κύπριοι (A. Caquot).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps a Semitic loanword, if its interpretation as a word with the basic meaning ‘father’ is correct: cf. Akkadian abu(m), Eblaite a-bù, Ugaritic ảb, Phoenician and Punic ʾb, Biblical Hebrew ʾāḇ, Old and Official Aramaic ʾb, Biblical Aramaic ʾaḇ, Jewish Aramaic ʾāḇ, ʾabbā, ʾebbā, Syriac ʾabbā. In the Semitic languages, the word for ‘father’ is often used as an honorary title, also towards a teacher, e.g. Elisha calls to his teacher Elijah: ʾāḇî, ʾāḇî “My father! My father!” (BH: 2 Reg. 2.12). Concerning the meaning ‘teacher’, cf. Cyrill. α 6: ἀββᾶς: εὐήθης· διδάσκαλος – “abbas: good-hearted; teacher” (for the meaning ‘good-hearted’, cf. Hsch. α 85: ἀβάς· εὐήθης ...), as well as Hsch. gloss. disc. p. VI: ἄβας: σοφιστής – “abas: wise man/expert”. Probably, we should correct ἀβάθ to ἀβάς. If so, we would be dealing rather with a borrowing from Aramaic; the vowel -α- might be the suffix -ā of the emphatic state. According to another explanation, the consonant -θ might come from a plural form, cf. Biblical Hebrew -ôṯ in ʾāḇôṯ ‘fathers’ and Phoenician/Punic -t (phonetically -ōt and -ūt) attested in Punic ʾbtm ‘his ancestors’ (-m is a possessive suffix, 3rd sg. m.); this interpretation requires a conjecture of ἀβώθ or ἀβόθ and supposes a majestic plural (semantically not impossible, but it seems somewhat bizarre and lacks any convincing parallels). Cf. ἀββα, ἀββᾶς, ἄπα.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: I, 67-73; CDA: 3; DCH: I, 91-98; DJBA: 72f.; DJPA: 31f.; DNWSI: 1-3; DUL: 4f.; HALOT: 1f. and 1805f.; PhPD: 26f.; SL: 1. Ref.: cf. Egetmeyer 2010: 52; Hadjioannou 1977: 33; Lewy 1895: 73f.; É. Masson 1967: 71.
","id":"3","name":"ἀβάθ","origin":["semi"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2021-10-03T18:04:39.094693+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀβαΐθ see ἀβανήθ
","id":"137","name":"ἀβαΐθ","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T18:33:23.048532+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αβακ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αβακ – ‘byssus, fine linen’ (LXX: 1 Chr. 4.21).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of the Biblical Hebrew form habbuṣ, i.e. bûṣ/buṣ ‘byssus, fine linen’ with the definite article ha-. Elsewhere, the Hebrew bûṣ/buṣ was translated into Greek as βύσσος (LXX: 2 Chr. 2.13, 3.14), βύσσινος (1 Chr. 15.27, Es. 1.6 and 8.15) or στολαὶ βύσσιναι (2 Chr. 5.12). Concerning the phonetics, it is surprising that -α- stands for -u- (-û-) and that κ renders ṣ. Cf. βύσσος.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: II, 128; HALOT: 115f. Ref.: GELS: 1.
","id":"4","name":"αβακ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:33:57.389072+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"\r\n\r\n
ἀβανήθ <Semitic; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀβανήθ (v.l. ἀβαΐθ) – ‘girdle, sash (of Jewish priests)’ (Jos., AJ 3.156).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Jos., AJ 3.154-156: (...) ὃν (scil. χιτῶνα = χεθομένην) ἐπιζώννυνται κατὰ στῆθος ὀλίγον τῆς μασχάλης ὑπεράνω τὴν ζώνην περιάγοντες πλατεῖαν μὲν ὡς εἰς τέσσαρας δακτύλους, διακένως δ' ὑφασμένην ὥστε λεβηρίδα δοκεῖν ὄφεως· ἄνθη δ' εἰς αὐτὴν ἐνύφανται φοίνικι καὶ πορφύρᾳ μετὰ ὑακίνθου καὶ βύσσου πεποικιλμένα, στήμων δ' ἐστὶ μόνη βύσσος. καὶ λαβοῦσα τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς ἑλίξεως κατὰ στέρνον καὶ περιελθοῦσα πάλιν δεῖται, καὶ κέχυται μὲν πολλὴ μέχρι καὶ τῶν σφυρῶν ἕως οὗ μηδὲν ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐνεργεῖ, πρὸς γὰρ εὐπρέπειαν οὕτως ἔχει τοῖς ὁρῶσι καλῶς, ὅταν δὲ σπουδάζειν περὶ τὰς θυσίας δέῃ καὶ διακονεῖν, ὅπως μὴ κινουμένης ἐμποδίζηται πρὸς τὸ ἔργον, ἀναβαλόμενος ἐπὶ τὸν λαιὸν ὦμον φέρει. Μωυσῆς μὲν οὖν ἀβανὴθ αὐτὴν ἐκάλεσεν, ἡμεῖς δὲ παρὰ Βαβυλωνίων μεμαθηκότες ἑμίαν αὐτὴν καλοῦμεν· οὕτως γὰρ προσαγορεύεται παρ' αὐτοῖς. – “They (scil. Jewish priests) gird it (scil. tunic) on at the breast, drawing around a little above the arm-pit the belt, which has a breadth of about four fingers, woven coarse-meshed so as to seem like the skin of a serpent. Flowers are woven into it embroidered with scarlet and purple together with hyacinth and fine linen, but the warp alone is fine linen. Taking the beginning of the winding at the breast and going around again, it is tied and streams at length up to even the ankles so long as the priest is performing nothing, for thus it presents its beautiful appearance to those who see it. But when it is necessary to attend seriously to the sacrifices and to conduct the service, in order that he may not be hindered in this work by its movement, he throws it over his left shoulder and carries it. Now Moyses called it abaneth, but we call it hemian, having learned it from the Babylonians. For so it is called among them. ” (trans. L.H. Feldman).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew ʾaḇənēṭ ‘girdle, sash (of priest or official)’. Cf. βύνητος.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: I, 114; HALOT: 8f. Ref.: Castelli 2021: 75; Feldman 2000: 273, n. 401.
","id":"138","name":"ἀβανήθ","origin":["semi"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T18:52:10.821955+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄβαξ <Iranian?; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄβαξ ? (prob. m.) – perhaps a Scythian word with the meaning of ἀνήρ, i.e. ‘man’ (Hsch. α 53), but the interpretation of the Hesychian gloss is quite difficult.
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 53: ἀβακής, ἄβαξ· ἄφωνος, σιωπηρός. καὶ ὄνομα ἀρχιτεκτονικόν ὃ †σκύθαι λέγουσιν ἄνδρα καλεῖν. The first part of the gloss is clear: “abakēs, abaks: voiceless, silent” (cf. Cyrill. α 3: ἄβαξ: ἄφωνος· σιγηλός – “abaks: voiceless, silent”). The second part can be translated as follows: “And an architectural term, which, as the Scythians (?) say, they themselves call a man with”. Accordingly, it is possible that a word similar to Greek ἄβαξ (ἀβακής cannot be treated as an architectural term) existed in Scythian in the meaning of ‘man’; however, this explanation is far from certain.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Α Scythian word ?
","id":"6","name":"ἄβαξ","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:35:18.902512+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αβαρκηνιν <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αβαρκηνιν – ‘the thorny plants, the briars’ (LXX: Judic.B 8.7), also βαρκοννιμ (LXX: Judic.A 8.7) and βαρακηνιμ (LXX: Judic. 8.16).
\r\n\r\n🅔 All three forms are transliterations of the Biblical Hebrew plural form barqŏnîm of the noun barqōn ‘thorny plant, briar’ (attested only in the plural); the initial α- in αβαρκηνιν goes back to the definite article ha- (BH: Judic. 9.7 and 8.16 has habbarqŏnîm). In the case of βαρκοννιμ, the Greek vocalisation is equal to the Masoretic one, whereas the forms αβαρκηνιν and βαρακηνιμ differ from it slightly. Interestingly, the plural ending -ιν in αβαρκηνιν is Aramaic (-în).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: II, 275; HALOT: 162. Ref.: GELS: 1.
","id":"5","name":"αβαρκηνιν","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:34:48.588312+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀββα <Semitic; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀββα (also ἀββᾶ) m. – ‘father (of God)’ (since NT: Mar. 14.36 etc.); the word occurs in the New Testament always in the expression Ἀββα ὁ πατήρ (NT: Mar. 14.36; Rom. 8.15 and Gal. 4.6); cf. Suda α 10: Ἀββᾶ: ὁ πατήρ. (...) – “abba: father. (...)”.
\r\n\r\n⚠ Cf. a folk etymology (based on Aramaic words) of the name of the Biblical prophet Habakkuk in Suda α 12: Ἀββακούμ: πατὴρ ἐγέρσεως. τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀββᾶ σημαίνει πατήρ, τὸ δὲ κοὺμ ἔγερσις (...) – “Abbakum (scil. Habakkuk): ‘father of rising’, for abba means ‘father’ and kum ‘rising’”. Cf. κουμ.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Aramaic loanword – Old and Official Aramaic ʾb ‘father; ancestor’, Biblical Aramaic ʾaḇ ‘id.’, Jewish Aramaic ʾāḇ, ʾabbā ‘id.’, Syriac ʾabbā ‘father’; cf. Akkadian abu(m) ‘father; ancestor’, Eblaite a-bù ‘father’, Ugaritic ảb ‘id.’, Phoenician and Punic ʾb ‘father; ancestor’, Biblical Hebrew ʾāḇ ‘id.’ etc. Greek ἀββα goes back to the Aramaic emphatic form ʾabbā; the emphatic state in Aramaic represents a definite noun (but note that the emphatic state became dominant in the Roman period and displaced the absolutive state). Cf. ἀβάθ, ἀββᾶς and ἄπα.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: I, 67-73; CDA: 3; DCH: I, 91-98; DJBA: 72f.; DJPA: 31f.; DNWSI: 1-3; DUL: 4f.; HALOT: 1f. and 1805f.; PhPD: 26f.; SL: 1.
","id":"7","name":"ἀββα","origin":["semi"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:35:44.130653+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀββᾶς <Semitic; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀββᾶς and ἀββᾶ, gen. ἀββᾶ, dat. ἀββᾷ, acc. ἀββᾶν, voc. ἀββᾶ (in the Byzantine period also pl. ἀββἁδες), in the editions often with the acute accent (oxytone or paroxytone) m. – ‘father (a title of respect given to monks)’ (Greg. Nzz., Lit. Alex. 713D; Ath. Alex., Narr. Fug. 980D; Ps.-Ath. Alex., Epist. Ad Cast. 861A, B; etc.), ‘abbot’ (Evagr. Pont., De or. 108, 1192A; Dor., Doct. 1.15, 1637A; P.Oxy. 2480.31, 44, 46: 6th c. CE; etc.), ‘father (a title of respect given to bishops or priests)’ (CIG 4 8646.8: 6th c. CE; Cosm. Ind. 6 321B); occasionally, written with one -β- (P.Iand. 43.16: 6th c. CE; SEG 31 1430.3: 7th c. CE). Cf. Cyrill. ἀββᾶς: εὐήθης· διδάσκαλος – “abbas: good-hearted; teacher”; Hsch. Gloss. Disc. P. VI: ἀββᾶς: ὁ γέρων∙ ὁ πατήρ – “abbas: old man; father”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Aramaic loanword – Old and Official Aramaic ʾb ‘father; ancestor’, Biblical Aramaic ʾaḇ ‘id.’, Jewish Aramaic ʾāḇ, ʾabbā ‘id.’, Syriac ʾabbā ‘father’; cf. Akkadian abu(m) ‘father; ancestor’, Eblaite a-bù ‘father’, Ugaritic ảb ‘id.’, Phoenician and Punic ʾb ‘father; ancestor’, Biblical Hebrew ʾāḇ ‘id.’ Etc. The original Greek form was ἀββᾶ, which corresponds exactly to the Aramaic emphatic form ʾabbā, including the position of the accent on the last syllable (in the Roman period, the Aramaic emphatic state representing a definite noun became used also for indefinite nouns). The secondary form ἀββᾶς was expanded with the Greek nominative ending -ς. Cf. ἀββα and ἄπα.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: I, 67-73; CDA: 3; DCH: I, 91-98; DJBA: 72f.; DJPA: 31f.; DNWSI: 1-3; DUL: 4f.; HALOT: 1f. and 1805f.; PhPD: 26f.; SL: 1.
","id":"8","name":"ἀββᾶς","origin":["semi"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:36:04.620533+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αβεδηριν <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αβεδηριν – ‘the words, the records’ (LXX: 1 Chr. 4.22).
\r\n\r\n🅔 An incorrect transliteration of the Hebrew form haddəḇārîm, i.e. a plural of dāḇār ‘word, speech; matter, thing etc.’ with the definite article ha-. The ending -ιν is Aramaic (-în).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: II, 397-411; HALOT: 211f. Ref.: GELS: 1.
","id":"9","name":"αβεδηριν","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:36:32.077053+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀβί <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀβί – a Scythian word possibly with the meaning of ὑπό, i.e. ‘under, by’ (Hsch. α 117).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 117: ἀβί· ὑπό, Σκύθαις εἴρηται... The lemma is commonly interpreted as “abi: under/by, it is spoken so by Scythians”. However, one should expect here an additional preposition like παρὰ Σκύθαις. No doubt, the gloss is corrupt; cf. an improbable conjecture: Ἄβιοι· οὕτω Σκύθαι εἴρηνται (L. Küster).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Scythian word without a convincing explanation. From a semantic point of view, it is rather improbable that ἀβί goes back to Proto-Iranian *abi ‘to, towards’, cf. Old Avestan aibi ‘to, towards’, Young Avestan aiβi ‘id.’, Old Persian abi ‘id.’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: AiW: 87; ESIJa: I, 72f.; WAK: 124. Ref.: cf. Brust 2008: 3.
","id":"10","name":"ἀβί","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:36:50.872763+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀβιάτακα <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀβιάτακα (cj.; ms.: ἀβίλτακα) – a Persian adjective or substantive with the meaning of Greek μνήμων, i.e. ‘remembering; having a good memory’ (Hsch. α 123). The conjecture of ἀβιάτακα (proposed by J. Oppert) gained wide acceptance (a lapsus calami of ΛΤ instead of ΑΤ); the error comes presumably not from the manuscript tradition of the lexicon itself, but already from a source of Hesychius (as the correct word order in the lexicon indicates: α 122: Ἀβίλλιον, α 123: ἀβίλτακα, α 124: Ἀβιλυκή). The Greek translation as μνήμονα suggests that the Persian gloss is an acc. sg. m. (grammatically, acc. sg. f. and nom./acc./voc. pl. n. would be possible, too); however, Hesychius may have relied on a source containing a sentence like: *οἱ Πέρσαι τὸν μνήμονα ἀβιάτακα καλοῦσιν – “the Persians call a person having a good memory abiataka”; cf. Hsch. σ 1385: σπάκα· κύνα (...) – “spaka: dog (...)” vs. Hdt. 1.110: (...) τὴν γὰρ κύνα καλέουσι σπάκα Μῆδοι. – “(...) because the Medes call the dog as spaka”, where σπάκα is a nom. sg. Cf. σπάκα.
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 123: ἀβιάτακα (cj.; ms.: ἀβίλτακα)· μνήμονα. Πέρσαι – “abiataka: remembering/having a good memory. Persians”. This word was probably a byname of the Persian king Artaxerxes II (reigned 404–358 BCE), who, according to the Greek tradition, was called Mnemon (Μνήμων); cf. Plut., Vitae: Artax. 1.1, mentioning that Artaxerxes I was surnamed Μακρόχειρ ‘long-armed’, while Artaxerxes II had the byname Μνήμων.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Persian word – cf. Khotanese byāta ‘memory; remembered’, Middle Persian ayyād ‘memory, recollection’ (< *abi-yāta-), Sogdian abyāt ‘reminding’, Modern Persian yād ‘remembrance, recognition, memory’ etc. On the basis of Greek ἀβιάτακα and Iranian words, the Old Persian compound form *abi-yātaka- ‘remembering’ is reconstructed. It might consist of the prefix abi- (cf. Old Persian abi ‘to, towards’, Old Avestan aibi ‘id.’, Young Avestan aiβi ‘id.’) and of the possible root *yā- ‘to remember’ with the suffixes -ta- (generally, a participle suffix like in Old Persian mr̥ta- ‘dead’ from mar- ‘to die’) and -ka- (a nominal and adjectival suffix like in Old Persian kapau̯taka- ‘grey-blue’ from *kapau̯ta-, cf. Middle Persian kabōd ‘grey-blue; pigeon’, Vedic kapóta- ‘pigeon‘).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CPED: 1524; DKhS: 308; DMMPP: 80; EDIV: 175f.; SogdD: 22. Ref.: Brust 2008: 3-5; Hinz 1975: 19.
","id":"11","name":"ἀβιάτακα","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:37:24.364743+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄβιε <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄβιε – a Scythian verb form with the meaning of Greek ἔβαλλον, i.e. ‘I was throwing’ or ‘they were throwing’ (Hsch. α 120).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 120: ἄβιε· ἔβαλλον. Σκύθαι – “abie: I was throwing/they were throwing. Scythians”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Scythian word, perhaps going back to an Proto-Iranian compound verb *abi-Hah- ‘to throw to’ attested in the Young Avestan form huu-aiβiiāsta- ‘thrown well’; cf. Old Avestan aibi ‘to, towards’, Young Avestan aiβi ‘id.’, Old Persian abi ‘id.’, as well as Old and Young Avestan ah- ‘to throw’, Old Persian ah- ‘id.’ etc. (probably from PIE *h1es- ‘to throw’; cf. Vedic as- ‘id.’). Accordingly, ἄβιε might represent an athematic form in a past tense similar to *abi-āha (1. sg. or 3. pl.); cf. the Old Persian verb ah- ‘to be’ with its imperfect forms āham (1. sg.; *-m̥ > -a- with the secondary -m) and āha (3. pl.; *-n̥t > -a). Concerning the phonetics, it is clear that the Iranian voiceless glottal fricative [h] in an intervocalic position has no counterpart in Greek; instead of the final -ε, we would expect two vowels, e.g. -αα (< *-āha), but, on the one hand, we are not able to reconstruct an exact Scythian form (our knowledge of Scythian phonetics and morphology is very limited), on the other hand, the form ἄβιε transmitted by Hesychius may be slightly distorted. We cannot exclude another possibility, that ἄβιε is an unknown Scythian verb beginning with b- and ἀ- represents an Iranian augment, cf. Old Persian a-, e.g. the imperfect forms abaram (1. sg.) and abara (3. pl.) of the verb bar- ‘bear, carry, bring’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: AiW: 87 and 279f.; EDIV: 152f.; ESIJa: I, 71f., 72f. and 94f.; LIV: 242f.; WAK: 124 and 127. Ref.: cf. Brust 2008: 5f.; Witczak 2005: 282.
","id":"12","name":"ἄβιε","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:37:47.627346+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀβίλτακα see ἀβιάτακα
","id":"13","name":"ἀβίλτακα","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:38:43.353276+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αβιρα <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αβιρα – ‘the fortress, the citadel’ (LXX: Neh. 1.1), βιρα ‘fortress, citadel’ (LXX: Neh. 7.2).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Transliterations of the Hebrew noun bîrā ‘fortress, citadel; temple’; α- in the form αβιρα is a definite article (ha-).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: II, 151; HALOT: 123f. Ref.: GELS: 1 and 81.
","id":"14","name":"αβιρα","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:39:23.406898+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀβλαβύνιον <Egyptian?; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀβλαβύνιον – ‘a cord plaited of papyrus (used for cleansing by the Egyptians)’ (Hsch. α 130).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 130: ἀβλαβύνιον· σειρὰ πλεκομένη παρ' Αἰγυπτίοις ἐκ βύβλων, κάθαρσιν ποιοῦσα – “ablabynion: a cord, plaited of papyrus by the Egyptians, which makes cleansing”. Presumably, the ablabynion was used in a religious ritual. It is not clear if the cord was made from stalks of papyrus or from scrolls. It may also be noted that σειρά has the meaning ‘a bandage’ in some medical writings.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps an Egyptian word, but without etymology. Cf. an old hypothesis treating ἀβλαβύνιον as a compound word of Egyptian ꜥb ‘to be pure, clean’ and bnn ‘pill’ (the meaning postulated for bnn was slightly different in the 19th c.).
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Fournet 1989: 75; Torallas Tovar 2004: 178; Wiedemann 1883: 8.
","id":"15","name":"ἀβλαβύνιον","origin":["egyp"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:39:39.450271+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀβραμίς <Egyptian?; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀβραμίς or ἄβραμις [-⏑⏑], -ιδος f. – ‘a kind of mullet (from the family Mugilidae)’ (Opp., Hal. 1.244; Ath. 7.88/312a-b; SB 18 13150.21-22: 2nd c. CE), also ἀβραβίς f. ‘id.’ (SB 18 13593.23: 3rd-4th c. CE); cf. an uncertain form ἀβ̣ρ̣(αμίδες) (BGU 16 2634.5: 1st c. BCE/1st c. CE). Early attested (1st c. CE) is the diminutive ἀβραμίδιον n. ‘a pickled mullet’ (Xenocr., De alim. 78).
\r\n\r\n⚠ According to Ath. 7.88/312a-b, the fish occurred in the Nile. As mentioned above, the name is also attested in two or three papyri from Egypt.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps an Egyptian loanword. It is unlikely that Greek ἀβραμίς comes from the Egyptian definite article pꜣ and the noun rm ‘fish’, Demotic rm, rym, lm ‘id.’, Coptic ⲣⲁⲙⲉ, ⲣⲁⲙⲏ, ⲣⲁⲁⲙⲉ (S), ⲣⲁⲙⲓ (B) ‘tilapia, esp. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)’. Cf. the information that the fish names abrenon or abarenon ‘gray mullet’ were used in Egypt in the 16th century, but this is difficult to verify.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Fournet 1989: 72; Thompson 1928: 24; Thompson 1947: 1; Torallas Tovar 2004: 178; Wiedemann 1883: 8.
","id":"16","name":"ἀβραμίς","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:39:54.735997+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀβυρτάκη <Iranian?; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀβυρτάκη [prob. ⏑-⏑-] f. – ‘an Oriental dish, i.e. a kind of dip or sauce, made of leeks, cress, pomegranate seeds and other ingredients’ (Pherecr. 195; Theopomp. Com. 18.2 etc.); ἀβυρτακοποιός m. ‘cook specialised in abyrtake’ (Demetr. Jun. 1.4; Hsch. α 230); ἀβυρτακώδης, -ες ‘like abyrtake’ (Hsch. ν 315 and π 921).
\r\n\r\n⚠ According to Theopomp. Com. 18, the abyrtake is a dish popular in Media. Moreover, it is often defined as a “barbarian” dish in Greek lexica and scholia (Paus. Lex. α 4; Ael. Dion. α 8; Et. Gen. α 2; Suda α 103; Schol. in Luc. 46.6; Eust., Comm. ad Hom. Od., vol. II, p. 188.39f.). According to Polyaen. 4.3.32, the abyrtake was mentioned in an inscription listing products needed for royal meals in the palace of Persepolis. Cf. also Demetr. Jun. 1.4, where a character boasts that he was a cook specialised in abyrtake at the court of Seleucus I Nicator (reigned 305–281 BCE).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps an Iranian word, but without a convincing etymology. It is likely that the final syllable -κη represents the Old Persian nominal feminine suffix -kā-. There are two etymological proposals: 1. Old Persian *ā-vərsta-kā- consisting of prefix ā- ‘to, till’, verbal adjective *vr̥sta- (< *vr̥tta-) ‘turned’ (from *vart- ‘to turn’) and suffix -kā-; 2. Old Persian *ā-bərta-kā- or *ha-bərta-kā- containing prefix ā- ‘to, till’ or ha- ‘together’, verbal adjective *br̥ta- ‘brought’ (from bar- ‘to bring, to carry’) and suffix -kā-.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: Brust 2008: 8-14.
","id":"17","name":"ἀβυρτάκη","origin":["iran"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:40:25.463700+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀγάλοχον <Unspecified origin/Indo-Aryan?/Dravidian?/Iranian?; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀγάλοχον n. – ‘agarwood (a fragrant wood obtained from some tree species in the genus Aquilaria, esp. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)’ (Dsc. 1.22; Dsc., Eup. 1.80.1, 1.107.1 etc.; Orib., Coll. med. 11.Α 2; Paul. Aeg. 7.3.1), also ἀγάλλοχον (Ps.-Gal. 19.723.10, 731.12,733.10); the form ἀγάλλοχον is also a varia lectio in Dsc. 1.22 (but only in some later manuscripts).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 1.22 (~ Orib., Coll. med. 11.Α 2): ἀγάλοχον ξύλον ἐστὶ φερόμενον ἐκ τῆς ᾿Ινδίας καὶ ᾿Αραβίας (...) – “Aloewood (= agarwood) is a wood brought from India and Arabia (...)” (trans. L.Y. Beck); Paul. Aeg. 7.3.1: ἀγάλοχον ξύλον ἐστὶν ᾿Ινδικόν (...) – “agarwood is an Indian wood (...)”. Besides, Ps.-Gal. 19.733 uses once the expression ἀγάλλοχον ᾿Ινδικόν ‘Indian agarwood’. Cf. CDG III, p. 552.57: agalicon lignum est in India (...) – “agalicon is a wood in India (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Oriental word, originally Indo-Aryan or Dravidian – Indo-Aryan: Sanskrit agaru- and aguru- ‘agarwood tree (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)’, Pali agaru-, agalu-, agaḷu-, akalu- ‘the fragrant resin or wood of agarwood tree (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)’ etc.; Dravidian: Tamil akil ‘agarwood tree (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.); the drug agar obtained from the tree’, Malayalam akil ‘agarwood tree (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)’ etc.; cf. Biblical Hebrew ʾăhālôṯ (formally pl.) and ʾăhālîm (formally pl.) ‘agarwood (of Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)’ along with Greek ἀλωθ which is a transliteration of ʾăhālôṯ in the Septuagint (LXX: Cant. 4.14), Middle Persian awalūg ‘agarwood’ (probably from earlier *aγalūk; cf. w in Middle Persian murw ‘bird’ vs. Young Avestan mərəγa- ‘id.’), Modern Persian āluwwa ‘id.’, Syriac ʾwlwg, ʾblwg ‘id.’ (from Iranian). The closest to Greek ἀγάλοχον is the early Middle Persian form *aγalūk, but, probably, the Greeks did not adopt this word from Persian (we would expect κ instead of χ). Cf. an unlikely suggestion that ἀγάλοχον comes from Indo-Aryan *agalukha- with the suffix -kha- (this view has no confirmation in the available data).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CDIAL: I, 3, no. 49; CPED: 96; DED: 4, no. 13; DP: I, 2 and 8; EWAIa: III, 4; Gr.Bd. p. 118.6; HALOT: 19; KEWA: I, 17f.; SED: 4,3 and 5,1; SL: 4 and 16. Ref.: Brust 2008: 14-17; EDG: 8; Henning 1943-46: 728; ILS: 103; Lewy 1895: 36.
","id":"18","name":"ἀγάλοχον","origin":["drav","inar","iran","orie"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:41:33.181627+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄγγαρος 1 <Iranian?; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄγγαρος [probably --⏑ or, according to another view, -⏑⏑] m. – ‘royal mounted courier (in Persia)’ (Theopomp. Hist. 109; Jos., AJ 11.203; etc.); earlier attested as adjective ἄγγαρος ‘of courier, courier-like’ (Aesch., Ag. 282; Lib., Or. 18.143), but note that Aeschylus uses the word poetically in reference to communicating via beacon fires (ἀπ' ἀγγάρου πυρὸς – “from a courier fire”); ἀγγαρήιον n. ‘royal post consisting of mounted couriers in Persia’ (Hdt. 8.99); gen. pl. ἀνγαρείων ‘cursus publicus’ (IGBulg. 3.2 1690.e.62: 3rd c. CE). Cf. Hsch. α 393: ἀγγέριος· ἄγγελος – “angerios: messenger” and α 4554: ἀναρός· ἄγγελος. Ταραντῖνοι – “anaros: messenger. Tarentians”; EM 7: ἀγγάρους: ἀγγάριος. δοῦλος. ἢ ἄγγελος. – “angarios (means) slave or messenger”. See also Latin angarus m. ‘a public courier’, angaria, -orum n. (pl.) ‘compulsory services in connexion with the imperial post’.
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hdt. 8.99 describes the messenger system along the Royal Road; the crucial part of his description is the following: ῾Ο μὲν δὴ πρῶτος δραμὼν παραδιδοῖ τὰ ἐντεταλμένα τῷ δευτέρῳ, ὁ δὲ δεύτερος τῷ τρίτῳ· τὸ δὲ ἐνθεῦτεν ἤδη κατ' ἄλλον <καὶ ἄλλον> διεξέρχεται παραδιδόμενα (...). Τοῦτο τὸ δράμημα τῶν ἵππων καλέουσι Πέρσαι ἀγγαρήιον. – “The first rider delivers his charge to the second, the second to the third, and thence it passes on from hand to hand (...). This riding-post is called in Persia angareion” (trans. A.D. Godley); cf. Xenoph., Cyrop. 8.6.17-18. In the context of the story of Esther, Jos., AJ 11.203, mentions that the Persian king informed all nations about his wedding by sending so-called angaroi. Moreover, see Suda α 164: ἄγγαρος: οὕτως ἐκάλουν οἱ Πέρσαι τοὺς βασιλέων ἀγγέλους. – “angaros: the Persians call so messengers of the king”, as well as α 165 (= Phot. α 95): ἄγγαροι: οἱ ἐκ διαδοχῆς γραμματοφόροι. οἱ δὲ αὐτοὶ καὶ ἀστάνδαι. τὰ δὲ ὀνόματα Περσικά. (...) – “angaroi: the letter carriers in relays. They are the same as astandai. Both are Persian words. (...)” (cf. α 4220 s.v. ἀστάνδαι); Ael. Dion. α 16: ἄγγαροι· οἱ ἐκ διαδοχῆς γραμματοφόροι. οἱ δ' αὐτοί καὶ ἀστάνδαι. ἡ δὲ λέξις Περσική (...) – “angaroi: the letter carriers in relays. They are the same as astandai. A Persian word (...)”; EM 7: ἀγγάρους, ἡ λεγομένη Περσική ἐστι· σημαίνει δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἐκ διαδοχῆς βασιλικοὺς γραματοφόρους. – “angaroi (acc. pl.), said to be a Persian word: it means the royal letter carriers in relays”; Lex. Seguer. p. 325.2-6: ἄγγαρος· (...) παρὰ τοῖς βαρβάροις δὲ ὁ δημόσιος γραμματηφόρος – “angaros: (...) the state letter carrier among the barbaroi”. Cf. Hsch. α 374b s.v. <ἀγγάρους>; Theopomp. Hist. 109, without a context: κατέπεμψε πρέσβεις, οὓς ἐκεῖνοι ἀγγάρους καλοῦσιν. – “(Someone) sent the elders which they (probably the Persians) call angaroi”; Ath. 3.94/122a: τοὺς ἀστ<άνδας ἢ ἀγγ>άρους (cj.; mss.: τοὺς ἀστάρους) in a passage enumerating some Persian words in Greek; Claud. Cas. pp. 243f. and Lex. Rhet. Cantabr. pp. 82f., where ἄγγαρος is described together with three Iranian loanwords.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps, two foreign homophones, i.e. ἄγγαρος ‘courier’ and ἄγγαρος ‘workman’ (see ἄγγαρος 2), blended together and interacted with each other. The former is probably an Old Persian or Median loanword, but its etymology is not clear. One can assume that it was deformed under the influence of Greek ἄγγελος ‘messenger, envoy’. There are many etymological explanations (without dividing into two lexemes): 1. Greek ἄγγελος ‘messenger’, Vedic άṅgira and άṅgiras ‘Aṅgiras, i.e. a Vedic sage (rishi); name of Agni; (pl.) descendants of Aṅgiras or of Agni; a group of priests’; ἄγγαρος would be originally an Old Persian word treated as Indo-European (earlier, it was linked additionally to Latin ambulō ‘to walk’); 2. Modern Persian hangār / hangārd ‘haste, speed; vehemence’, hangārīdan (praes. 3 sg. hangārad) ‘to exercise violence, to be sharp or stringent’; 3. Modern Persian angārīdan ‘to think, imagine’; 4. Akkadian agru(m) ‘hired man, hireling’, Jewish Aramaic ʾăḡîrā ‘hired labourer’, ʾăḡîr ‘hired man’ etc.; see ἄγγαρος 2; 5. Akkadian egertu / igertu or egirtu / igirtu ‘inscribed tablet; letter’, Official Aramaic ʾgrt / ʾgrh (abs.; cstr. ʾgrt, emph. ʾgrtʾ) ‘letter; contract’, Biblical Hebrew ʾiggereṯ ‘letter’ etc.; 6. Demotic hgr ‘Hagarite, Arab’ (according to an interpretation, also with the extended meaning ‘mounted courier’); 7. Iranian *Hgar- ‘to be awake’ (e.g. Young Avestan *γār- ‘to guard, watch’) with the prefix *ham- ‘together, with’ (Old Persian ham- ‘id.’) or *ā- ‘to, as far as’ (Old Persian and Old/Young Avestan ā ‘to’); 8. Iranian root *kar- ‘to do, to make’ (e.g. Avestan and Old Persian kar- ‘id.’) with *ham- ‘together, with’; 9. Iranian root with the meaning ‘to move’ (quoted as *kar-, but it is rather *čarH-, attested e.g. in Avestan car- ‘to come and go’) and prefix *ham- ‘together, with’; 10. Iranian root attested in Young Avestan kar- ‘to celebrate, praise’ and prefix *ham- ‘together, with’; 11. Old Persian *ang- related to Sanskrit áṅga- n. ‘a limb of the body’ with the suffix *-āra. Concerning the morphology, note that according to a hypothesis, the form ἄγγαρος is a back-formation from ἀγγαρήιον.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Benfey 1839-42: II, 129f.; Brust 2008: 17-37; Bugge 1889: 62; CDD: s.v. hgr; CED: 358; DELG: 8; EDG: 9; Eilers 1961-62: 225, n. 31; GEW: I, 7f. and III, 16; Hemmerdinger 1969: 18; Hemmerdinger 1970: 41; Horn 1893: 28f., n. 3; Huyse 1993; Lagarde 1866: 184; Mancini 1995-96; Pontillo 1996; Rosół 2013: 156f.; Schmitt 1971: 97-100; Sethe 1916: 118-124; Zimmern 1917: 7 and 47
","id":"19","name":"ἄγγαρος 1","origin":["iran"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:42:17.297337+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄγγαρος 2 <Semitic?; Classical/Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄγγαρος [probably --⏑ or, according to another view, -⏑⏑] m. – ‘workman, labourer, servant; stupid man’ (Men., fr. 164 and 312; Cyrill. α 137 s.v. ἄγγαρος; Hsch. α 374a s.v. ἄγγαρος; etc.); ἀγγαρεία f. ‘impressment for the public service, expropriation’ (Temple of Hibis 1.21 (gen. pl. ἀν̣γα[ρ]ειῶν): 1st c. CE; Arr., Epict. 4.1.79; Suda α 162 s.v. ἀγγαρεία and α 163 s.v. ἀγγαρος; etc.), ἀνγάριος, -α, -ον ‘impressed for public service’ (P.Cair.Isidor. 73.12: 4th c. CE), cf. EM 7: ἀγγάρους: (...) ἀγγάριος. δοῦλος. ἢ ἄγγελος. – “angarios (means) slave or messenger”; ἀγγαρεύω ‘to press into service’ (Men., Sic. fr. 4.2; NT: Matth. 5.41 and 27.32; etc.) and ἀγγαριεύω ‘id.’ (P.Cair.Isidor. 72_5.32: 4th c. CE); ἀγγαροφορέω ‘to carry burdens; to have a hard life’ (Men., fr. 316.1; Procop., De aed. 2.4; Procop., Hist. arc. 30.16; Ael. Dion. α 16 s.v. ἄγγαροι; etc.). There are also attested some forms with ἐγγ- instead of ἀγγ-, e.g., ἐγγαρεία (or -ία, -έα) = ἀγγαρεία (P.Fuad I Univ. 6.6, prob. 3rd c. CE: gen. sg. ἐγγαρέας; BGU 1 21.3.16, 4th c. CE: gen. sg. ἐνγαρίας), ἐγγαρεύω = ἀγγαρεύω (C.Ord.Ptol. 53.182 and 252: 2nd c. BCE; BGU 7 1568.4-5, 3rd cent.: ἐνγ-). Cf. Hsch. α 333 s.v. †ἄγαρος, α 334 s.v. †ἀγαρροί and α 372 s.v. ἀγγαρρία. See also Latin angario, -āre ‘to press into service’.
\r\n\r\n🅔 It is likely that ἄγγαρος ‘workman’ is etymologically different from ἄγγαρος ‘courier’ and, perhaps, it is a distorted Semitic word – Akkadian agru(m) ‘hired man, hireling’, Jewish Aramaic ʾăḡîrā ‘hired labourer’, ʾăḡîr ‘hired man’, Syriac ʾāgīrā ‘hired person; catechumen’ etc.; cf. Akkadian agāru(m) ‘to hire, rent’, Jewish Aramaic ʾgr ‘id.’, ʾăḡār, det. ʾăḡərā ‘payment for hire, reward, profit’, Syriac ʾgr ‘to hire, rent’, ʾagrā ‘hire wages, price, payment’ etc. Phonetically, we would expect in Greek *ἄγιρος or *ἄγρος (cf. the glosses †ἄγαρος and †ἀγαρροί quoted above); it is possible that -γγ- /ŋg/ instead of -γ- was due to a merger with ἄγγαρος ‘courier’; the same may apply to the vowel -α-. In the history of research, ἄγγαρος ‘workman’ is commonly not divided from ἄγγαρος ‘courier’; for more, see ἄγγαρος 1. The forms with ἐγγ- (and ἐνγ-) might have taken shape under the influence of compounds with the preverb ἐν-.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: I.1, 148-148 and 151-153; CDA: 6; DJBA: 79f.; DJPA: 34f.; SL: 7f. Ref.: cf. Brust 2008: 24f; DELG: 8; EDG: 9; Eilers 1961-62: 225, n. 31; GEW: I, 7f. and III, 16; Huyse 1993: 272, n. 2; Mancini 1995-96: 210; Rosół 2013: 156f.; Schmitt 1971: 98; Zimmern 1917: 7 and 47
","id":"20","name":"ἄγγαρος 2","origin":["semi"],"period":["clas","hell"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:43:07.375126+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀγγοπήνια <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀγγοπήνια (pl.) n. – a noun with the meaning of τὰ τῶν μελισσῶν κηρία, i.e. ‘honeycomb(s)’ (Cyrill. α 21, with a conjecture of ἀγγοπίνια to ἀγγοπήνια; Hsch. α 397, with a conjecture of αγοπηνας to ἀγγοπήνια; Suda α 298); note that Greek κηρίον n. ‘honeycomb’ occurs mostly in the plural (occasionally, τὰ κηρία also means ‘honey’).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Middle Iranian loanword – Middle Persian angubēn ‘honey’, Manichaean Parthian angubēn ‘id.’, Sogdian angubēn ‘id.’, Modern Persian angabīn / angubīn ‘id.’, Pashto gabina / gabinə ‘id.’, Bangash Pashto agbēnə ‘id.’, Wanetsi angīn ‘id.’ etc. Greek -πην- goes back probably to early Middle Persian *-pēn (cf. Avestan *paēna- ‘honey’ attested in the Young Avestan adjective paēnaēna- ‘consisting of honey’; Ormuri pīn ‘honey’). The foreign word was adopted as a neuter noun with the suffix -ιον. Formerly, ἀγγοπήνια was treated as a Greek compound consisting of ἄγγος n. ‘a vessel (esp. for liquids)’ and πήνη f. ‘thread, woof’; cf. Suda α 298: ἀγγοπήνια: (...) τουτέστιν ἀγγεῖα ὑφαντά (...) – “angopēnia: (...) these are woven vessels (...)”.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: AiW: 817; CPD: 10; CPED: 114; DMMPP: 48; NEVP: 27; SogdD: 42. Ref.: Brust 2008: 37-39; DELG: 8f.; EDG: 10.
","id":"21","name":"ἀγγοπήνια","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:43:35.993208+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄγλυ <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄγλυ – a Scythian gloss with the meaning of κύκνος, i.e. ‘swan’ (Hsch. α 621).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 621: ἄγλυ· ὁ κύκνος, ὑπὸ Σκυθῶν. “agly: swan. (It is called so) by Scythians’.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Scythian word without a convincing etymology. An often suggested connection with Armenian ankł / angł ‘vulture’ is semantically unacceptable. Moreover, cf. an unfounded assumption that the original Scythian form was *μαλγύ (allegedly related to Modern Persian māġ ‘a kind of cormorant; a kind of pigeon’ and Sanskrit madgu- ‘a kind of aquatic bird or cormorant’).
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Brust 2008: 42f.; Greppin 1978: 39; Lagarde 1866: 277; Mayrhofer 2006: 21; Witczak 1992: 53.
","id":"22","name":"ἄγλυ","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-03-13T11:43:55.768765+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄγον <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄγον – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of σέρις ἥμερος ‘(cultivated) endive (Cichorium endivia L.)’ (Dsc. 2.132 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 2.132 RV: σέρις ἥμερος· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἄγον (...). – “Seris hēmeros (cultivated endive): (...) the Egyptians (call it) agon (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology, but see ἀγονουχί. Cf. an old explanation: from the Egyptian gj.w (not jg.w) perh. ‘a species of Cyperus L.’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Wiedemann 1883: 8.
","id":"28","name":"ἄγον","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T13:55:41.192837+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀγονουχί <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉ἀγονουχί – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of σέρις ἀγρία ‘wild endive (Cichorium endivia subsp. divaricatum (Schousb.) P.D.Sell)’ (Dsc. 2.132 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 2.132 RV: σέρις ἀγρία· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀγονουχί (...). – “Seris agria (wild endive): (...) the Egyptians (call it) agonuchi (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian gloss that is probably a distorted foreign word corresponding to the Coptic ⲁⲛⲛⲟϣⲉⲣ (B) m. ‘wild endive’. On the basis of ἄγον ‘endive’, one would presume that -ουχί in ἀγονουχί stands for a word (an adjective?) differentiating wild endive from the cultivated kind, but the Egyptian/Coptic material does not supply any confirmation for this.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CD: 12; CDO: s.v. ⲁⲛⲛⲟϣⲉⲣ.
","id":"29","name":"ἀγονουχί","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T13:59:12.439599+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αγουρ <Semitic; Hellenistic/Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αγουρ – ‘a kind of bird, perhaps crane, swallow, short-footed thrush or other species’ (Aquila: Is. 38.14, Jer. 8.7), also a corrupted transliteration ἀγροῦ (LXX: Jer. 8.7) misunderstood as a genitive of ἀγρός ‘field’.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew ʿāgûr ‘a kind of bird, perhaps crane, swallow, short-footed thrush or other species’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: VI, 248; HALOT: 784. Ref.: Tov 1999: 165.
","id":"30","name":"αγουρ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell","roma"],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T14:02:14.030724+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀγροῦ see αγουρ
\r\n\r\n","id":"31","name":"ἀγροῦ","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T14:05:00.398460+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"
ἀγωφιτεβεωκί <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀγωφιτεβεωκί (vv.ll. ἀρφιτεβεώκη, ἀγοφιτεβεώκη, ἀφοιτεβεώκη) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of πεντάφυλλον ‘creeping cinquefoil (Potentilla reptans L.)’ (Dsc. 4.42 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.42 RV: πεντάφυλλον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀγωφιτεβεωκί (...). – “Pentaphyllon (creeping cinquefoil): (...) the Egyptians (call it) agōphitebeōki (...)”. Cf. the Egyptian glosses in Ps.-Apul., Herb. 2: asufi (v.l. disufi) ‘id.’ and thebeoti (v.l. thebeuti) ‘id.’.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. Note that ἀγωφιτεβεωκί occurs as two different names in Pseudo-Apuleius.
","id":"32","name":"ἀγωφιτεβεωκί","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T14:07:00.437089+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αδαμα <Semitic; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αδαμα – ‘earth, land’ (Aquila: Ez. 20.38).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew ʾăḏāmā ‘earth, land’; note that the original text has the status constructus form ʾaḏmaṯ in the expression ʾaḏmaṯ yiśrāʾēl ‘the land of Israel’ (BH: Ez. 20.38).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: I, 130-132; HALOT: 15.
","id":"33","name":"αδαμα","origin":["semi"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T14:36:04.710247+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀδάμμα <Phrygian?; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀδάμμα or Ἀδάμμα f. – prob. ‘a title of a cult officer (in a temple of Agdistis)’ (IRhamn. 179.4 = CCCA 2 245.4: 1st cent. BC).
\r\n\r\n⚠ The word occurs in an inscription relating to the temple of Agdistis at Rhamnous (Attica).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Both the meaning and the etymology of the word are uncertain. According to the communis opinio, ἀδάμμα is connected somehow with Ἀδάμνα ‘Attis’; cf. ἀδαμνεῖν.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Fauth 1967: 132-134; Roussel 1930: 6f.; Rutherford 2020: 178, n. 102.
","id":"139","name":"ἀδάμμα","origin":["phry"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T18:54:05.996368+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀδαμνεῖν <Phrygian?; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀδαμνεῖν – ‘to love’ (Hsch. α 999); cf. Ἀδάμνα ‘Attis’ (Hippol., Ref. 5.8.9 (cj.; mss.: Ἀδάμ); Naass. Carm. 2.7 = Hippol., Ref. 5.9.8 (cj.; mss.: Ἀδάμ); Hsch. α 999).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 999: ἀδαμνεῖν· τὸ φιλεῖν. καὶ Φρύγες τὸν φίλον ᾿Αδάμνα λέγουσιν – “adamein: to love. And Phrygians call the beloved (scil. of Cybele) Adamna”. Cf. a hymn to Attis preserved by Hippolytos (Naass. Carm. 2 = Hippol., Ref. 5.9.8): (...) σὲ (scil. Ἄττι) καλοῦσι μὲν Ἀσσύριοι τριπόθητον Ἄδωνιν, (...) Σαμόθρᾳκες Ἄδαμ<να> σεβάσμιον (...), καὶ οἱ Φρύγες ἄλλοτε μὲν Πάπαν (...). – “Syrians (lit. Assyrians) call you (scil. Attis) thrice-longed-for Adonis, (...) Samothracians (call you) venerable Adamna (...), and Phrygians (call you), sometimes, Papas (....)”; cf. Hippol., Ref. 5.8.9.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps a Phrygian word, but its etymology is unclear. The verb is probably related to the theonym Ἀδάμνα. Cf. some doubtful juxtapositions with Modern Greek (19th-century Cappadocian dialect) ἀδαμασίτζα ‘love’, Latin amō, -āre, adamō, -āre ‘to love’, or Greek δάμνημι ‘to tame, subdue’. Cf. also ἀδάμμα.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Fauth 1967: 133f.; PhL: 414; Tomaschek 1975: 173 (= II, 43).
","id":"140","name":"ἀδαμνεῖν","origin":["phry"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T18:55:02.177401+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀδιγόρ <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀδιγόρ – a Scythian word with the meaning of τρωξαλλίς, i.e., ‘locust’ (Hsch. α 1130).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 1130: ἀδιγόρ· τρωξαλλίς, ὑπὸ Σκυθῶν – “adigor: locust (is so called) by Scythians”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Scythian word without a convincing etymology. Cf. some proposals: 1. a compound with the meaning ‘food eater’, i.e. ἀδι- ‘food’ (IE root *h1ed- ‘to eat’) and -γορ ‘eater’ (Iranian *garH- ‘to swallow’ or hu̯ar- ‘to consume, eat’); 2. ‘grass eater’, i.e. ἀδι- ‘grass’ (Sanskrit andhas- ‘a herb; the Soma plant; Soma juice; grassy ground’, but not exactly ‘grass’) and -γορ ‘eater’ (as above); 3. a comparison to Hsch. σ 576: σιγαλ[φ]οί· οἱ ἄφωνοι. καὶ οἱ ἄγριοι τέττιγες – “sigaloi: voiceless ones. And wild cicadas” (quoted as σιγαλ(λ)οί); 4. from a Turkish name of a people.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Brust 2008: 43-45; Furnée 1972: 369.
","id":"34","name":"ἀδιγόρ","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T14:37:27.881456+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀδοριού <Semitic; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀδοριού – a Syrian gloss with the meaning of γιγγίδιον prob. ‘sekakul (Malabaila secacul (Mill.) Boiss.)’ (Dsc. 2.137 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 2.137 RV: γιγγίδιον· (...) Σύροι ἀδοριού (...) – “Gingidium: (...) the Syrians (call it) adoriu (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Without etymology. Cf. an old comparison to Syriac ʾdlʾ ‘perennial peppergrass (Lepidium latifolium L.)’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Löw 1881: 414.
","id":"35","name":"ἀδοριού","origin":["semi"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T14:39:30.932370+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀδρασταδάραν σαλάνης <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀδρασταδάραν σαλάνης m. – ‘a Sassanid title of a high civil and military official’ (Procop., De bell. 1.6.18, 1.11.25, 1.11.38).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Procop., De bell. 1.6.18, 1.11.25, 1.11.38, mentions this title in the context of the Sassanid empire under the king Kavad I (488–531); he describes a man holding it as τὸν ἐπὶ ἀρχαῖς τε ὁμοῦ καὶ στρατιώταις ἅπασιν ἐφεστῶτα ‘the one set in authority over all magistrates and over the whole army’ (1.6.18; trans. H.B. Dewing).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Middle Persian expression – ἀδρασταδάραν σαλάνης goes back to the Middle Persian title artēštārān sālār (attested in Kārnāmag ī Ardašīr ī Pābagān, i.e. Book of the Deeds of Ardashir, Son of Papak, and in an Arabic transliteration in the History of the Prophets and Kings by al-Tabarī); its basic meaning is ‘leader of soldiers’; cf. also Middle Persian artēštārān sardār ‘id.’. Greek ἀδρασταδάραν is a distorted form of Middle Persiian artēštārān (pl.) ‘soldiers’, sing. artēštār ‘warrior, soldier’, Modern Persian artešdār ‘soldier’. The cluster -rt- underwent a metathesis to -δρ-. The presence of the unetymological syllable -δα- might be explained simply as a distortion of a foreign word. Greek σαλάνης is derived from Middle Persian sālār, sārār ‘leader, master’, Modern Persian sālār ‘old, aged; prince, chieftain, leader, general, commander etc.’; cf. Classical Armenian sałar ‘general in chief’ (from Iranian); moreover, cf. Middle Persian sardār ‘the chief, leader, commander, manager’, Modern Persian sardār ‘general, field-marshal, officer of rank, king’s lieutenant etc.’, saudār ‘general, commander’. Greek -λάν- goes back to -lār- and, probably, underwent a dissimilation l ... r → l ... n. According to another view, Greek σαλαν- comes from the plural form (pluralis maiestatis) *salārān due to a haplological shortening, but there is no evidence for use of the title artēštārān sālār or even sālār in that way. Cf. also an improbable hypothesis that Greek ἀδρασταδάραν goes back not to artēštārān, but to the hypothetical Middle Persian term *ādištādārān ‘chiefs of fire-stands’ (Middle Persian ādišt ‘fire-stand’ and dār- ‘to hold, to possess’).
\r\n\r\n📖 CPD: 11 and 73; CPED: 34, 642, 673 and 707; DMMPP: 305; MP: II, 30 and 173; NDAE: 630. Ref.: Börm 2007: 145f.; Brust 2008: 45-48 and 569-571; Christensen 1944: 131f.; EIr: s.v. Artēštārān sālār; Horn 1893: 153, § 692.
","id":"36","name":"ἀδρασταδάραν σαλάνης","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T14:41:20.967134+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀδρυφιός see ἀρδυφιός
","id":"41","name":"ἀδρυφιός","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T16:00:19.201324+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αδων <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αδων (cj.; mss.: ᾅδου) – ‘Lord!’ (LXX: Jer. 41(34).5), αδωναι lit. ‘my Lord!’ (LXX: 1 Sam. 1.11; Aquila: Ps. 29.9, 34.17; Cyrill. α 1109; etc.) and αδωναιε ‘id.’ (LXX: Judic.B 13.8, 16.28); the latter two forms appear also in Greek magical texts: αδωναι (SEG 31 621.1: 2nd-3rd c. CE; PGM IV 385, 389 etc.: 4th c. CE), αδωναιε (PGM IV 1560, 1735: 4th c. CE).
\r\n\r\n🅔 All three forms are transliterations of the Biblical Hebrew word ʾāḏôn ‘lord, master’. In the case of αδων, the Septuagint manuscripts have a corrupted expression ἕως ᾅδου ‘To hell!’ instead of Ὦ αδων ‘Alas, Adōn! (Lord!)’. The forms αδωναι and αδωναιε mean literally ‘my Lord!’; they are equivalents of Biblical Hebrew ʾāḏônāy / ʾāḏōnāy (with a suffixal possessive pronoun, 1st sg.). However, the form αδωναι does not always have an exact counterpart in the Hebrew original, e.g. it stands for yhwh in Aquila: Ps. 29.9; interestingly, it occurs together with other names of God at the beginning of a prayer said by Hanna: Αδωναι κύριε ελωαι σαβαωθ ‘Adōnai, Lord, Elōai, Sabaōth’ (LXX: 1 Sam. 1.11), which is a rendering of the expression yhwh ṣəḇāʾôṯ ‘Yahweh (Lord) of hosts’ (BH: 1 Sam. 1.11); cf. ελωαι and σαβαωθ.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: I, 119-122; HALOT: 12f. Ref.: GELS: 8; Tov 1999: 165.
","id":"37","name":"αδων","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T14:43:51.876186+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αδωναι see αδων
","id":"38","name":"αδωναι","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T14:45:37.466009+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αδωναιε see αδων
","id":"39","name":"αδωναιε","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T14:47:40.094482+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄδωνις <Semitic; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄδωνις m. – a Phoenician word with the meaning of δεσπότης ‘master, lord’ (Hsch. α 1229).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 1229: ἄδωνις· ἰχθὺς θαλάσσιος οὗ μνημονεύει Κλέαρχος. ἢ δεσπότης (cj.; in ed.: δεσπότας), ὑπὸ Φοινίκων. καὶ Βήλου (cj;, in ed.: βόλου) ὄνομα. (...) – “adōnis: a sea fish mentioned by Clearchus. Or lord, (called so) by Phoenicians, as well as a name of Baal. (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Hellenized Phoenician word – Phoenician and Punic ʾdn ‘lord, master, etc.’ with the suffixal possessive pronoun -ī ‘my’; cf. Biblical Hebrew ʾāḏôn ‘lord, master’ and ʾāḏônāy / ʾāḏōnāy ‘my Lord!’; cf. αδων. The theonym Ἄδωνις m. ‘Adonis’ comes from the same Phoenician word with the pronoun -ī.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: I, 119-122; DNWSI: 15-17; HALOT: 12f.; PhPD: 34f.
","id":"49","name":"ἄδωνις","origin":["semi"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:12:33.588099+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αδωρηεμ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αδωρηεμ – lit. ‘their nobles’ (LXX: Neh. 3.5).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of the Hebrew form ʾaddîrêhem ‘their nobles’, i.e. a plural of ʾaddîr ‘mighty, noble’ with a suffixal possessive pronoun (3rd pl. m.).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: I, 122f.; HALOT: 13f. Ref.: GELS: 8f.
","id":"40","name":"αδωρηεμ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-05-28T14:49:21.739539+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀέντιον <Egyptian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀέντιον – ‘an Egyptian myrrh’ (Hsch. α 1372).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 1372: ἀέντιον· Αἰγύπτιον σμυρνίον – “aention: Egyptian myrrh”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word – Egyptian ꜥntyw ‘aromatic resin (usually identified as myrrh)’, Demotic ꜥnṱ ‘id.’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CDD: s.v. ꜥnṱ; DG: 65; DLE: I, 71; GHÄD: 160; PL: 162-164; WÄS: I, 206f. Ref.: Fournet 1989: 75; Torallas Tovar 2004: 178; Wiedemann 1883: 8f.
","id":"42","name":"ἀέντιον","origin":["egyp"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-05-29T20:16:54.406113+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"\r\n\r\n
ἀζαβαρίτης <Iranian; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀζαβαρίτης m. – ‘a Persian high office’ (Ctes., fr. 15.49).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Ctes., fr. 15.49, implies that this is a key office in the Persian Kingdom, at least under the reign of Sogdianus/Sekyndianus (434–423 BCE), son of Artaxerxes I.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Old Iranian word – the title seems to go back to Median *hazārapati- (< *hazāhrapati-) ‘chiliarch’, which consists of the numeral ‘thousand’ (Avestan hazaŋra-, Middle Persian, Parthian and Modern Persian hazār) and a noun with the meaning ‘lord, master’ (Avestan paiti-, as well as Middle Persian -bed in compound words); cf. Sanskrit sahasra-pati- ‘chief of a thousand (villages)’. The title is attested in the Middle Iranian languages: Middle Persian hzʾlwpt and Parthian hzrwpt ‘first minister’, probably pronounced as hazāruft (according to another view: hazārpat); cf. ἀζαραπατεῖς and αζαροπτ(ου). Moreover, there are some Middle Iranian loanwords in other languages: Armenian hazarapet ‘chiliarch, chief of a thousand men, colonel; governor, prefect, lord lieutenant; steward, agent etc.’ and Syriac hazārpaṯ ‘military leader’. The Iranian word occurs in a personal name of a Sassanian general (in different transliterations): Ἀζαρέφθης (Men. Protect., fr. 23.11), Ἀζαρέθης (Proc., De bell. 1.17.1, 1.18.1 etc.) and Ἐξαράθ (Joan. Mal. p. 461.10). As a side note, it is worth mentioning that Greek χιλίαρχος (and χιλιάρχης) m. ‘chiliarch, commandant of a garrison; title of Persian court official’ is commonly treated as a calque of the Persian term. Concerning the phonetics, the Greek ἀζαβαρ- comes from *ἀζαραβ- (or similar) due to a metathesis or corruption. Moreover, the form ἀζαβαρίτης exhibits an irregularity in the penultimate syllable, i.e. ι instead of the expected α (a simple distortion or the influence of Greek agent nouns with -ίτης ?).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: GIPP: 24 and 54; NDAE: 367; SED: 1195.3; SL: 339. Ref.: Benveniste 1966: 67-71; Brust 2008: 49-52; EIr: s.v. Chiliarch; ILS: 161f.; Szemerényi 1975: 354-392.
","id":"43","name":"ἀζαβαρίτης","origin":["iran"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T19:30:23.218548+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀζαραπατεῖς <Iranian; Early Byzantine>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀζαραπατεῖς (pl.) m. – ‘ushers or announcers (an office in Persia)’ (Hsch. α 1441).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 1441: ἀζαραπατεῖς· οἱ εἰσαγγελεῖς παρὰ Πέρσαις – “azarapateis: ushers among the Persians“; note that the term εἰσαγγελεύς means first of all a Persian office in the Greek sources (Hdt. 3.84; D.S. 16.47.3).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Old Iranian word – the title, reconstructed as Median *hazārapati- (< *hazāhrapati-) ‘chiliarch’, is attested in Middle Iranian languages: Middle Persian hzʾlwpt and Parthian hzrwpt ‘first minister’, probably pronounced as hazāruft (according to another view: hazārpat); for more see ἀζαβαρίτης and αζαροπτ(ου). The plural form in -εῖς indicates that the Iranian term was adjusted to the Greek nouns in -εύς (especially, βασιλεύς ‘king’). Cf. a quite unlikely hypothesis that ἀζαραπατεῖς goes back to Old Iranian *āžara-pat- ‘lord of announcement’ (*āžara- would be a noun related to Young Avestan āγar- ‘to greet’) or ‘lord of admissions (into the royal presence)’ (with the assumption that there is a root *gar-/*ǰar- ‘to move’ in Iranian); such a term does not exist in any sources.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: GIPP: 24 and 54. Ref.: Brust 2008: 49-52; EIr: s.v. Chiliarch; Hinz 1975: 120; cf. Szemerényi 1975: 354-392.
","id":"44","name":"ἀζαραπατεῖς","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T19:32:23.786975+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αζαροπτ <Iranian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αζαροπτ (gen. sg.; perhaps αζαροπτ[ου]) and αζαροπτου (gen. sg.) m. – ‘an Iranian title’ (ŠKZ 56 and 61: 3rd c. CE).
\r\n\r\n⚠ ŠKZ is a trilingual, i.e. Middle Persian, Parthian and Greek inscription of Shapur I written on the walls of the Ka’ba-ye Zartosht (Cube of Zoroaster) in Naqsh-e Rustam (ca. 12 km from Persepolis).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Greek αζαροπτ or αζαροπτ[ου] / αζαροπτου are transliterations of their Middle Iranian counterparts attested in the same inscription: Middle Persian hzʾlwpt (vv. 29, 31) and Parthian hzrwpt (vv. 23, 25) ‘first minister’, both commonly interpreted as hazāruft (according to another view: hazārpat). See also ἀζαβαρίτης and ἀζαραπατεῖς.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: GIPP: 24 and 54. Ref.: Brust 2008: 49-52; EIr: s.v. Chiliarch.
","id":"45","name":"αζαροπτ","origin":["iran"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:05:46.055754+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αζαροπτου see αζαροπτ
","id":"46","name":"αζαροπτου","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:06:40.273223+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀζάτη <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀζάτη f. – ‘freedom’ (Hsch. α 1442).
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Iranian word taken probably from a late Old Iranian or an early Middle Iranian language. There are some counterparts in Middle Iranian: Middle Persian āzādīh ‘freedom, liberty’, Parthian āzādīft ‘id.’; cf. Young Avestan āzāta- ‘high-born, noble’, Middle Persian āzād, āzādag ‘noble; free’, Middle Persian (epigr.) ʾzʾt, ʾzʾty ‘noble’, Parthian āzād ‘noble; free’, Parthian (epigr.) ʾzʾt ‘noble’, Khotan Saka āysāta- ‘well-born’, Sogdian āzā̆tē ‘freeman, noble’, āzā̆č ‘freewoman, noble’ etc., as well as Iranian loanwords in other languages: Official Aramaic ʾzt ‘free’, Syriac ʾzdʾ ‘freeman, noble’, Armenian azat ‘free, freed; independent; noble’. The forms listed above consist of the prefix ā- ‘to, at’, the Iranian root *ȷ́anH- (actually zero-grade *ȷ́n̥H-) with the meaning ‘to give birth’, pass. ‘to be born’ (from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh1- ‘to beget, bear’) and the participle suffix -ta- (e.g. like in Old Persian mr̥ta- ‘dead’ from mar- ‘to die’). Ultimately, Greek ἀζάτη seems to go back to Median *āzātā- f., probably borrowed also into Old Persian (generally, the Proto-Indo-European palatal stop *ǵ developed into z in Median and into d in Old Persian). The word ἀζάτη appeared in Greek not earlier than in the 4th c. BCE (when the letter ζ had the value of the voiced fricative z), but before the change t > d in Middle Iranian. Cf. ἀζῆται.
\r\n\r\n📖 AiW: 343; CPD: 15; DKhS: 20f.; DMMPP: 84f.; DNWSI: 28; EDIV: 464-466; GIPP: 19 and 48; MP: II, 41; NDAE: 2; SL: 24; SogdD: 16 and 17. Ref.: Brust 2008: 52-54; Hinz 1975: 25; ILS: 104f.; Olsen 1999: 862, no. 2.
","id":"47","name":"ἀζάτη","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:07:45.793848+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀζήν <Phrygian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀζήν, -ένος m. – a Phrygian gloss with the meaning of πώγων ‘beard’ (Hdn. 3.1, p. 15 and 3.2, p. 718; Hsch. α 1451), also ἄζενον (acc. sg. m.) ‘bearded’ (Hsch. α 1452).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hdn. 3.1, p. 15: ἀζήν ὁ πώγων κατὰ Φρύγας – “adzēn (means) beard according to Phrygians”; Hsch. α 1451: ἀζένα· πώγωνα. Φρύγες – “adzena (acc. sg.): beard. Phrygians”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps a Phrygian word. For morphology, cf. βαλλήν. Cf. a hypothesis that ἀζήν goes back to Proto-Indo-European *ǵenu- ‘chin’ (cf. Greek γένυς, -υος f. ‘jaw’, Gothic kinnus ‘cheek’, Latin gena ‘id.’, etc.).
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. PhL: 414; Diakonoff – Neroznak 1985: 96.
","id":"141","name":"ἀζήν","origin":["phry"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T18:55:49.636583+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀζῆται <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀζῆται (pl.) m. – a gloss with the meaning of οἱ ἐγγύτατοι τοῦ βασιλέως ‘those closest to the king’ (Hsch. α 1469).
\r\n\r\n⚠ The explanation given by Hesychius may refer to the Persian court; cf. LXX: Esth. 1.14: οἱ ἐγγὺς τοῦ βασιλέως – “those close to the king” (in the context of the king Xerxes).
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Iranian word – Young Avestan āzāta- ‘high-born, noble’, Middle Persian āzād, āzādag ‘noble; free’, Middle Persian (epigr.) ʾzʾt, ʾzʾty ‘noble’, Parthian āzād ‘noble; free’, Parthian (epigr.) ʾzʾt ‘noble’, Khotan Saka āysāta- ‘well-born’, Sogdian āzā̆tē ‘freeman, noble’, āzā̆č ‘freewoman, noble’ etc., as well as Iranian loanwords in other languages: Official Aramaic ʾzt ‘free’, Syriac ʾzdʾ ‘freeman, noble’, Armenian azat ‘free, freed; independent; noble’. The Greek form ἀζῆται should be interpreted as originally Median *āzāta- m. (sg.) containing the prefix ā- ‘to, at’, the Iranian root *ȷ́anH- (actually zero-grade *ȷ́n̥H-) ‘to give birth’, pass. ‘to be born’ and the participle suffix -ta- (Median *āzāta- was probably a loanword in Old Persian, too); for more, see ἀζάτη. The foreign word was adopted in the late Classical (ζ as fricative z) or Hellenistic period (before the change t > d in Middle Iranian). It is not clear why the Iranian vowel -ā- was rendered as -η- (cf. Iranian ā- vs. Greek ἀ- at the beginning of the word); perhaps a late influence of the Ionian dialect? Cf. an old view that ἀζῆται was a native word connected with ἄοζος m. ‘servant’, ἀοζέω ‘to serve, wait on’.
\r\n\r\n📖 AiW: 343; CPD: 15; DKhS: 20f.; DMMPP: 84; DNWSI: 28; EDIV: 464-466; GIPP: 19 and 48; MP: II, 41; NDAE: 2; SL: 24; SogdD: 16 and 17. Ref.: Brust 2008: 54-56; ILS: 104f.; Olsen 1999: 862, no. 2; cf. Schulze 1892: 500.
","id":"48","name":"ἀζῆται","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:08:47.977889+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀθάλ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀθάλ – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of φλόμος ἕτερος ‘mullein or candlewick (a species of the genus Verbascum L.)’ (Dsc. 4.103 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.103 RV: φλόμος ἕτερος· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀθάλ (...). – “Phlomos heteros (mullein or candlewick): (...) the Egyptians (call it) athal (...)”. Cf. the Egyptian gloss in Ps.-Apul., Herb. 72: natal (vv.ll. nihat, neal) ‘id.’.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"50","name":"ἀθάλ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:13:12.768351+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀθάρη <Egyptian?; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀθάρη f. [⏑--] – ‘a kind of gruel or porridge (usually of wheat)’ (Ar., Pl. 673; Crates Com. 11; Pherecr. 113.3 etc.); other variants: ἀθάρα (SB 4 7451.129: 3rd c. BCE; Gal. 11.142; Alciphr. 3.31.2 etc.), ἀθήρα (Hellanic. 192; Sophr. 141; SB 8 9841.4, 19: 3rd c. BCE; etc.) and ἀθέρα (Phot. α 471). Cf. athera in the meaning of pulmentum lenticulae ‘a dish of lentils’ (Joan. Cass., Coll. 15.10=1010A).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 1581: ἀθήρα· βρῶμα διὰ πυρῶν καὶ γάλακτος ἡψημένον παρ' Αἰγυπτίοις – “athēra: a dish made of boiled wheat and milk in Egypt”; Plin., NH 22.121: olyram arincam diximus vocari. hac decocta fit medicamentum quod Aegypti atheram vocant, infantibus utilissimum, sed et adultos inlinunt eo. – “Olyra (two-grained wheat) is, as I have said, also called arinca. With a decoction of it a medicine is made which the Egyptians call athera, very beneficial for babies, though adults too use it as a liniment.” (trans. W.H.S. Jones); Hieronym., Hebr. quaest. in Gen. 45.21=1051B: Porro θήρα venationem magis potest sonare, quam fruges; tametsi moris sit Aegyptiorum θήραν etiam far vocare, quod nunc corrupte atheran nuncupant – “Besides, thēra can mean hunting rather than produce of the land, even though it is the custom of the Egyptians to call grain thēra, which nowadays in lax fashion they call athera.” (trans. C.T.R. Hayward); cf. Joan. Cass., Coll. 15.10=1010A, who indicates that the Desert Fathers of Egypt used the name athera for a dish of lentils. Furthermore, note that the word occurs often in papyri from Egypt (SB 4 7451.129; 8 9841.4, 19; 16 12675.13; UPZ 94.20 etc.).
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word? – cf. Egyptian ṯrj ‘a dish (a kind of bread?)’; moreover, cf. Egyptian ṯrt (written also as ṯry) ‘fine flour’, which presumably is a Semitic loanword: Akkadian siltu perh. ‘a kind of groats’, Biblical Hebrew sōleṯ ‘semolina, groats, fine flour’, Jewish Aramaic sûltā ‘fine flour’, sûleṯ ‘id.’. Cf. an unlikely connection with the Egyptian nṯr ‘god’, Coptic ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (S, A, L, O), ⲛⲟⲩϯ (B, F, O), ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲓ (F, O) ‘id.’. Moreover, cf. some native etymologies: 1. Sanskrit math- and manth- ‘to stir or whirl round; churn; mix’ and Hsch. μ 1542: μοθούρας· τὰς λαβὰς τῶν κωπῶν; 2. Greek ἀθήρ, -έρος m. ‘awn’; 3. Latin ador, -oris ‘a kind of coarse grain; emmer wheat’. On the basis of the Attic form ἀθάρη, some scholars reconstruct *ἀθάρ₣ᾱ.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: XV, 267; CDA: 323; DCH: VI, 166f.; DJBA: 793; DJPA: 370; DLE: II, 231f.; GHÄD: 1031f.; HALOT: 758f.; WÄS: V, 386 and 388. Ref.: Daniel 1962: 19f.; Fournet 1989: 72f.; Matijašić 2011: 144-146; Perpillou-Thomas 1992; Torallas Tovar 2004: 178f.; cf. Bernal 2006: 246-248; Boisacq 1916: 17; EDG: 28; Hoch 1994: 369f.
","id":"51","name":"ἀθάρη","origin":["egyp"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:14:00.813734+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀθνού <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀθνού (vv.ll. ἀθνου, ἀθνον, ἀφθνου) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of φοῖνιξ ‘date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)’ (Dsc. 4.43 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.43 RV: φοῖνιξ · (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀθνού. – “Phoinix (date palm): (...) the Egyptians (call it) athnu”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without a certain etymology; cf. the Egyptian bnr (var. bnj) ‘date’, bnr.t ‘date palm’, Demotic bn(e).(t) ‘date(s)’, bne.t ‘date palm’, Coptic ⲃⲛⲛⲉ (S, A, L, M), ⲃⲉⲛⲓ (B, F), ⲃⲏⲛ(ⲛ)ⲓ (F) f. ‘date, date palm’. Cf. φοῖνιξ 1.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CD: 40; CDD: s.v. bn(e).(t) and bne.t; CDO: s.v. ⲃⲛⲛⲉ; DG: 116–117; DLE: I, 135; GHÄD: 271; KH: 25 and 494; PL: 319; WÄS: I, 461-462.
","id":"52","name":"ἀθνού","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:14:54.574544+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αἴ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αἴ – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of κάχρυ ‘a kind of incense plant (perh. Cachrys libanotis L. or Ferulago galbanifera (Mill.) W.D.J. Koch or another species)’ (Dsc. 3.74 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 3.74 RV: κάχρυ· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι αἴ. – “Kachry (an incense plant): (...) the Egyptians (call it) ai”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"53","name":"αἴ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:15:37.399953+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αιδαδ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αιδαδ – ‘shout of joy’ (LXX: Jer. 31(48).33, 32(25).30).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of the Biblical Hebrew form hêḏāḏ ‘shout, cry (of joy); war-cry’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: II, 511; HALOT: 243. Ref.: GELS: 10.
","id":"142","name":"αιδαδ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T18:56:49.950901+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αἰθωπί <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αἰθωπί (vv.ll. ἐθωπι, αἰθοπι, αἰθοφι) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of γαλήοψις ‘brownwort (Scrofularia peregrina L.)’ (Dsc. 4.94 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.94 RV: γαλήοψις (ed.: γαλέοψις)· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι αἰθωπί (...). – “Galēopsis (bramble): (...) the Egyptians (call it) aithōpi (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. Cf. an old hypothesis: from the Egyptian jdb ‘river-bank, riparian land’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Wiedemann 1883: 10.
","id":"54","name":"αἰθωπί","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:16:15.575537+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αιλ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αιλ – ‘pillar’ (LXX: Ez. 40.48, 41.3), αιλαμ ‘pillar(s)’ (LXX: Ez. 40.10, 16, 49), αιλευ (vv.ll. αιλεου, ελευ, ελεου) ‘its pillars’ (LXX: Ez. 40.9, 21, 24, etc.), αιλαμμω (vv.ll. αιλαμμωθ, αιλαμμων) ‘pillars’ (LXX: Ez. 40.38).
\r\n\r\n🅔 The word αιλ is a transliteration of the Biblical Hebrew noun ʾayil (construct state forms: ʾêl and ʾēl) ‘pillar’. The form αιλαμ goes back either to ʾayil ‘pillar’ or, much more often, to ʾêlîm ‘pillars’ (influenced by αιλαμ ‘porch’; see αιλαμ 1), αιλαμμω stand for ʾêlîm ‘pillars’ (as a result of confusion with αιλαμμω ‘its proch’; see αιλαμ 1), whereas αιλευ is a plural form with a suffixed pronoun (3rd sg. m.), i.e. Hebrew ʾêlāyw ‘its pillars’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: I, 211; HALOT: 40. Ref.: GELS: 11; Simotas 1969: 19f.
","id":"143","name":"αιλ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T18:57:35.156319+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αιλαμ 1 <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αιλαμ (vv.ll. ελαμ, αιλαμμειν, αιλαμμιν, ελαμμειμ) – ‘porch’ (LXX: 1 Reg. 6.3 and 36, 7.43(6) 2x and 43(7), Ez. 8.16, 40.9 2x, 15, etc.; see also below), αιλαμμω (vv.ll. αιλαμμωθ, αιλαμμων, ελαμμωθ, ελαμμων) ‘its porch’ (LXX: Ez. 40.21, 22 2x, 24, etc.).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Transliterations of the Biblical Hebrew noun ʾûlām / ʾulām / ʾêlām (orthography varies) ‘porch’; the form αλαμμω has the suffixed pronoun -ô (3rd sg. m.). Interestingly enough, αιλαμ ‘porch’ appears several times where the Hebrew text has other words: 1. hāʾēlle ‘these’ (BH / LXX: Ez. 40.25); 2. ʾōhel ‘tent’ (Ez. 41.1); 3. sap̄ ‘threshold’ (Ez. 40.6); moreover, cf. Ez. 40.7, as well as αιλ.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: I, 152f.; HALOT: 41. Ref.: GELS: 11; Simotas 1969: 19f.
","id":"144","name":"αιλαμ 1","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T18:58:26.906571+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αιλαμ 2 see αιλ
","id":"145","name":"αιλαμ 2","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T18:59:01.432017+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αιλαμμω 1 see αιλαμ 1
","id":"146","name":"αιλαμμω 1","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:00:15.923634+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αιλαμμω 2 see αιλ
","id":"147","name":"αιλαμμω 2","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:00:51.958896+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αιλευ see αιλ
","id":"148","name":"αιλευ","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:01:20.516964+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αἰμείθ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αἰμείθ – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of μελίλωτον ‘yellow melilot (Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.) or another species of melilot (Melilotus Mill.)’ (Dsc. 3.40 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 3.40 RV: μελίλωτον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι αἰμείθ (...). – “Melilōton (yellow melilot or another species of melilot): (...) the Egyptians (call it) aimeth (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"55","name":"αἰμείθ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:16:58.606624+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αἰμοίως <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αἰμοίως (v.l. αἵμοος) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of βάτος ‘bramble (Rubus ulmifolius Schott)’ (Dsc. 4.37 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.37 RV: βάτος· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι αἰμοίως, οἱ δὲ ἄμετρος. – “Batos (bramble): the Egyptians (call it) aimoiōs or ametros”. Cf. ἄμετρος.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. Cf. an old hypothesis: from the Egyptian ꜥmꜥꜥ prob. ‘grain’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Wiedemann 1883: 10.
","id":"56","name":"αἰμοίως","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:18:03.796071+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αιν 1 <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αιν – ‘name of the Hebrew letter ע’ (LXX: Ps. 118.121; La., app. crit.), ἄϊν ‘id.’ (Eus., PE 10.5.8).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Cf. Eus., PE 10.5.3-12.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of the Hebrew letter name – cf. Jewish Aramaic ʿayin, ʿan ‘name of the letter ע’, Syriac ʿē ‘name of the letter ܥ’, etc.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DJBA: 855; SL: 1054.
","id":"57","name":"αιν 1","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:21:29.801122+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αιν 2 <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αιν (v.l. αινα) – ‘spring’ (LXX: Neh. 12.37).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of the Hebrew word ʿayin ‘spring, fountain’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: VI, 364f.; HALOT: 818. Ref.: GELS: 11; Simotas 1969: 21.
","id":"58","name":"αιν 2","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:22:20.306525+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αἰσού <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αἰσού – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of κυνοκεφάλιον ‘calf’s snout (Antirrhinum orontium L.)’ (Dsc. 4.130 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.130 RV: κυνοκεφάλιον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι αἰσού, οἱ δὲ ὀρμενισφί, οἱ δὲ κατακιρσαί (...). – “Kynokephalion (calf’s snout): (...) the Egyptians (call it) aisu or ormesisphi or katakirsai (...)”. Cf. κατακιρσαί and ὀρμενισφί.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"59","name":"αἰσού","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:22:57.821939+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀκάμαλα <Semitic/Unspecified origin?; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀκάμαλα – a gloss from a foreign language with the meaning of ἡ κάμηλος ‘female camel’ (Hsch. α 2251).
\r\n\r\n🅔 An originally Semitic word; however, it is likely that ἀκάμαλα does not come directly from Semitic, but from another foreign language. Cf. Akkadian gammalu ‘camel’ (from West Semitic), Biblical Hebrew gāmāl ‘id.’, Imperial Aramaic gml, emph. gmlʾ ‘id.’, Jewish Aramaic gml, emph. gamlā ‘id.’, Palmyrene gml, emph. gmlʾ ‘id.’, Mandaic gumla ‘id.’, Syriac gamlā ‘id.’, Sabaean gml ‘id.’, Arabic jamal ‘id.’, etc.; for more, see κάμηλος; cf. also γαμάλη and κάμμηρος. The final -α could go back to the Aramaic emphatic state. The initial ἀ- is unclear; according to an unsatisfactory hypothesis, ἀ- originates from the definite article (cf. Biblical Hebrew ha-). On the other hand, some researchers compare ἀκάμαλα with the gloss ἀκάμανος· ἡ κάμηλος· παρὰ τὸ μὴ κάμνειν. ἢ ἀκάματος· πολύμοχθον γὰρ τὸ ζῶον. – “akamanos: female camel; from mē kamnein ‘not to get tired’. Or akamatos: since this is an animal that can endure a lot.” (Et. Gen. α 294; EM 44.56); on the basis of this gloss, it was proposed to emend ἀκάμαλα to ἀκάματος or ἀκάμαντα.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: V, 35f.; CDA: 89; DCH: II, 364f.; DJBA: 289; DJPA: 131f.; DMWA: 138; DNWSI: 226; DOSA: 72; HALOT: 197; MD: 83; SD: 49; SL: 241. Ref.: cf. Harris 1936: 94; Lewy 1895: 1; Lewy 1930: 110; Mayer 1960: 338; Rosół 2013: 43f.
","id":"60","name":"ἀκάμαλα","origin":["semi","orie"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:23:44.349389+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀκινάκης <Iranian; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀκινάκης [⏑-⏑-, only on the basis of Latin sources], gen. -ου, -εω, -εος, m. ‘short straight sword (used especially by Persians and Scythians)’ (Hdt. 3.118, 3.128, 7.54 etc.; IG 1.3 351.17: 5th c. BCE; Ctes. 26.2; etc.); some later sources state incorrectly that ἀκινάκης is a spear (Hsch. α 2405; Schol. in Plat. 553c; Suda α 882). Cf. Latin acīnacēs, -is m. ‘short Persian sword’ (from Greek).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hdt. 7.54 mentions that Xerxes, after pouring a libation, throws into the water not only vessels. but also a sword: Περσικὸν ξίφος τὸν ἀκινάκην καλέουσι. – “a Persian sword that they call akinakēs”. Some other authors also explain ἀκινάκης explicitly as “a Persian sword”: ἀκινάκης· (...) Περσικὸν ξίφος (Harpocr. s.v. Ἀκινάκης), τοῖς τῶν Περσῶν ἀκινάκαις (Jos., AJ 20.186), ἀκινάκην Περσικὸν ξιφίδιόν τι (Poll. 1.138); cf. Schol. in Plat. 553c: ἀκινάκαι (!) δὲ Περσικόν τι ξίφος, ἢ δόρυ μικρὸν Περσικόν. – “akinakai (plur.) is a Persian sword or a Persian small spear”; Hsch. α 2405: ἀκινάκης∙ Περσικὸν δόρυ – “akinakēs: a Persian spear”; Suda α 882: Ἀκινάκης: μικρὸν δόρυ Περσικόν – “Akinakēs: a small Persian spear”. The contexts in many sources connect the sword with the Persians (Hdt. 3.118; 3.128 etc.; Ctes. 26; Plat., Resp. 553c; Demosth., In Timocr. 129; etc.), less often with the Scythians (Hdt. 4.70; Schol. in Luc. 37.34), as well as once with the Caspians, a people dwelling by the Caspian Sea (Hdt. 7.67). Moreover, the sword ἀκινάκης occurs as a kind of statue of the Scythian (or Sarmatian) war-god (Hdt. 4.62; Clem. Alex., Protr. 4.46.2; 5.64.5; Schol. in Luc. 21.42) and, hence, Ἀκινάκης is treated in late authors as a Scythian theonym (Ephiphan., Pan. 1.178; Schol. in Luc. 21.42).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Probably a loanword from Old Iranian. The word is connected to Sogdian (B) kīnak (kynʾk) ‘sword’, but more comparative material is lacking; ἀκινάκης and kīnak are independent from each other and go back ultimately to an Old Iranian source (cf. a hypothesis that kīnak is a Greek borrowing). Other proposals: 1. ἀκι- related to Sanskrit asi- ‘sword; knife’ and Young Avestan aŋhū- ‘bow’ (earlier interpreted as ‘sword’); 2. -κι- in ἀκινάκης and kī- in kīnak (as well as Latin cae- in caelum ‘chisel’) from the alleged root *kai̯- / *ci- ‘to cut’; 3. from the Old Iranian *akināka- (reconstructed on the basis of ἀκινάκης); 4. from the Iranian *(h)a-kai̯nakā̆- (actually a thought experiment, not a hypothesis); *(h)a- treated as ha- ‘together’ or a- (a privative prefix).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: SogdD: 203. Ref.: Hinz 1975: 27; Malandra 1973: 267; cf. Brust 2008: 56-64.
","id":"61","name":"ἀκινάκης","origin":["iran"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:24:32.349491+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄκριστις <Phrygian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄκριστις (attested only in acc. sg. -ιν) f. – a Phrygian gloss with the meaning of πέπτρια ‘female cook’ and ἀλετρίς ‘female miller (slave)’ (Hsch. α 2576); cf. ἀκρηστής m. ‘slave’ (Hsch. α 2560). Moreover, cf. three glosses: ἀκρέα· παῖς θήλεια. Μακεδόνες (Hsch. α 2550), ἀκραία· παῖς θήλεια ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων (ΕΜ 52.17), *ἄκροι· ἄκραι. ἢ δοῦλοι (Hsch. α 2611).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 2576: ἄκριστιν· πέπτριαν (cj.; ms.: κλέπτριαν). ἀλετρίδα. Φρύγες – “akristin (acc. sg.): female cook, female miller (slave). Phrygians”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Probably a Phrygian word. Cf. some hypotheses: 1. a local variant of Greek *ἄχρηστις f. (with the basic meaning ‘useless’); 2. related to Lithuanian gìrnos ‘quern’, Old Norse kvern ‘id.’, Old Church Slavonic žrŭny ‘id.’, etc.; 3. a Pre-Greek word (on the basis of the suffix -στ-).
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Diakonoff – Neroznak 1985: 91; EDG: 56; PhL: 414f.
","id":"149","name":"ἄκριστις","origin":["phry"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:02:23.084138+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀκταία <Iranian?; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀκταία f. ‘a Persian robe’ (Democritus of Ephesus ap. Ath. 12.29/525d).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Democritus of Ephesus ap. Ath. 12.29/525d-e) describes this robe as follows: ἴδοι δ' ἄν τις, φησίν, καὶ τὰς καλουμένας ἀκταίας, ὅπερ ἐστὶ καὶ πολυτελέστατον ἐν τοῖς Περσικοῖς περιβλήμασιν. ἐστὶν δὲ τοῦτο σπαθητὸν ἰσχύος καὶ κουφότητος χάριν· καταπέπασται δὲ χρυσοῖς κέγχροις· οἱ δὲ κέγχροι νήματι πορφυρῷ πάντες εἰς τὴν εἴσω μοῖραν ἅμματ' ἔχουσιν ἀνὰ μέσον. – “You could also see (scil. in Ephesus), he (scil. Democritus) says, what are referred to as aktaiai; this is the most expensive type of Persian garment. It is woven compactly, to make it strong and light, and is covered with gold beads; the beads are all attached to the inside by means of a purple thread that runs through their middle.” (trans. S.D. Olson).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Possibly an Iranian word, but its etymology is problematic – perhaps a distorted Old or early Middle Persian word being a borrowing from Akkadian kitû(m)‘flax; linen; linen garment’; see also χιτών. Cf. the hypothesis that ἀκταία comes from the geographical name αἱ Ἀκταῖαι πόλεις (cf. ἀκταῖος, -α, -ον ‘being on the shore or coast’), which is a name of a group of Aeolic cities in Thuc. 4.52.3.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CDA: 165; CAD: VIII, 473-475. Ref.: cf. Brust 2008: 65.
","id":"62","name":"ἀκταία","origin":["iran"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:25:14.598981+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀκυλλόν <Anatolian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀκυλλόν – a Lydian gloss with the meaning of αἰδοῖον ‘genitals’ (Hsch. α 2688), also ἄκυλον ‘id.’ (EM 55.1).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 2688: ἀκυλλόν· τὸ αἰδοῖον. Λυδοί. – “akyllon: genitals. Lydians”; EM 55.1: ἄκυλον· βάλανον πρινίνην. οἱ δὲ τὸ αἰδοῖον ὑπὸ Λυδῶν, καὶ κομάρου ὁ καρπός. (...) – “akylon (acc. sg.): acorn of the evergreen oak. Some (say) that Lydians (call so) genitals; also fruit of the strawberry tree. (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Lydian word without etymology. The form with the single λ inferred from EM 55.1 seems to be a mistake due to a superficial comparison with ἄκυλος m./f. ‘acorn of the evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.)’ made by ancient or Byzantine grammarians. According to the communis opinio, there is an etymological connection of ἀκυλλόν and ἄκυλος m./f. (cf. βάλανος f. ‘acorn’ and ‘glans penis’), but this hypothesis is uncertain; cf. also a view that ἀκυλλόν is simply a Greek word derived from ἄκυλος.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Camagni 2017: 230; LW: 271; O. Masson 1955: 288.
","id":"63","name":"ἀκυλλόν","origin":["anat"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:26:07.439369+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀλάβης <Egyptian; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\nἀλάβης, -ητος f. – ‘a Nile fish’ (P.Mich.Zen. 72.5-6: 3rd c. BCE; P.Tebt. 3 701. a.41: 2nd c. BCE; Str. 17.2.4; etc.), ἀλλάβης, -ητος f. ‘id.’ (Ath. 7.88/312b). Cf. Latin alabeta, -ae f. ‘id.’ (Plin., NH 5.51).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Str. 17.2.4, Ath. 7.88/312b, and Plin., NH 5.51, enumerate ἀλ(λ)άβης among other kinds of Nile fish. Note also that this fish name is attested first in papyri from Egypt (see above).
\r\n\r\n👉 An Egyptian loanword – Coptic ⲗⲉⲓϥⲓ (B) ‘Nile carp (Labeo niloticus)’ and ⲗⲁⲃⲏⲥ (S) prob. ‘id.’; cf. Demotic lbs ‘a kind of fish’ and Arabic labīs ‘Nile carp (Labeo niloticus)’. The form ⲗⲁⲃⲏⲥ (written with the definite article ⲡ-: ⲡⲗⲁⲃⲏⲥ) is an equivalent of Greek ἀλάβης in a 6th-century Greek–Coptic glossary (Diosc. Aphrod., Gloss. 418f.); this seems to be an important hint at the etymology itself, as well as at the identification of ἀλάβης as ‘Nile carp’. The initial vowel ἀ- might be interpreted as a kind of a prothetic vowel before a liquid. It is less probable that Greek ἀλάβης is a source for Coptic ⲗⲁⲃⲏⲥ (and for Demotic lbs); the quite different Bohairic form and the usage of the Greek word speak against such a hypothesis. Cf. two Egyptian ghost words quoted in the history of research as a source for the Greek word: †repi and †lepi (the former can be found in older Egyptological publications, e.g., in Budge’s dictionary; the latter seems to be an incorrect transliteration of Coptic ⲗⲉⲓϥⲓ). Moreover, cf. a view that ἀλ(λ)άβης is a Pre-Greek word (compared to ἀλλοπίης m. ‘a fish’ and ἔλλοψ -οπος m./f. adj. as an epithet of fish or subst. ‘fish (in general); a sea-fish; a serpent’).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CD: 148; CDD: s.v. lbs; DG: 262; DMWA: 855; KH: 76. Ref.: Hemmerdinger 1970: 63; Thompson 1928: 23; Thompson 1947: 9; Torallas Tovar 2004: 179; cf. EDG: 71; Fournet 1989: 74; Furnée 1972: 145.
","id":"64","name":"ἀλάβης","origin":["egyp"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:26:43.179599+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αλαιμωθ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αλαιμωθ (vv.ll. αλεμωθ, αλημωθ) – ‘an unidentified musical term’ (LXX: 1 Chr. 15.20).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of the Biblical Hebrew form ʿălāmôṯ ‘an unidentified musical term (perh. singing in the style of young women or the name of a melody?)’; ʿălāmôṯ is a plural form of ʿalmā ‘young woman, marriageable girl’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: VI, 428; HALOT: 835f. Ref.: cf. GELS: 18; Simotas 1969: 22.
","id":"150","name":"αλαιμωθ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:03:04.060169+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀληλώ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀληλώ (v.l. ἀλληλώ) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of στρύχνος μέλας κηπαἳος ‘black hound’s berry (Solanum nigrum L.)’ (Dsc. 4.70 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.70 RV: στρύχνος μέλας κηπαἳος· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀληλώ (...). – “Strychnos melas kēpaios (black hound’s berry): (...) the Egyptians (call it) alēlō (...)”. Cf. the Egyptian gloss in Ps.-Apul., Herb. 75: alselo ‘id.’.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. Cf. an old hypothesis: from the Egyptian ꜥr (var. ꜥrw) ‘reed’, compared to the Coptic ⲁⲗⲱⲟⲩⲉ (S), ⲁⲗⲱⲟⲩ(ⲓ) (B) pl. ‘bunch (of grapes)’ and the Biblical Hebrew ʾēllā prob. ‘terebinth’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Wiedemann 1883: 10.
","id":"65","name":"ἀληλώ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:27:51.048721+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αλληλουια <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αλληλουια or ἁλληλουϊά – an interjection ‘hallelujah’, being a shout of joy, with the original meaning ‘praise Yahweh!’ (LXX: Ps. 104.1, 105.1 etc.; Tob. 13.18; 3 Mach. 7.13; NT: Apoc. 19.1, 3, 4, 6; PGM VII 271: 3rd-4th c. CE; etc.).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hieronym., Comm. in Ps. 116 (p. 84), 146, (p. 99), explains that alleluia is a Hebrew expression meaning ‘laudate Dominum’; he also gives (Ps. 104, p.76f.) some details about the usage of alleluia by the Jews in his times.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of the Hebrew expression haləlû-Yāh ‘praise Yahweh!’ (BH: Ps. 104.35, 105.45, 106.1, 48 etc.); haləlû is an imperative (2. pl. m.) of the verb hll ‘praise, boast’ and Yāh is a shortened form of Yhwh ‘Yahweh’. Note the gemination -λλ- in Greek vs. a lack of the dagesh ḥazaq (a dot indicating a gemination) in the Masoretic text.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: II, 559-562 and IV, 114; HALOT: 248f. and 393. Ref.: BDAG: 40; Engberding 1950; GELS: 20.
","id":"66","name":"αλληλουια","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:31:37.236521+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀλόη <Unspecified origin; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀλόη f. – ‘aloe’, esp. ‘bitter aloe (Aloe vera (L.) Baum.)’ and ‘aloe extract (used in medicine or as an ingredient for embalming)’ (Sextus Niger ap. Dsc. 1, praef. 3; Dsc. 3.22.1; NT: Joann. 19.39; Plut., Mor. 141f; etc.). Cf. Latin aloē, -ēs f. ‘id.’ (from Greek).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 3.22.2: γίνεται δὲ ἐν τῇ ᾿Ινδίᾳ πλείστη, ἐξ ἧς καὶ τὸ ὄπισμα κομίζεται· φύεται δὲ καὶ ἐν ᾿Αραβίᾳ καὶ ᾿Ασίᾳ καί τισι παραθαλασσίοις τόποις καὶ νήσοις ὡς ἐν ῎Ανδρῳ, οὐκ εὔχρηστος εἰς ὀπισμόν, πρὸς δὲ κόλλησιν τραυμάτων ἐπιτήδειος λεία καταπλασσομένη. – “A great deal (scil. of aloe) grows in India from where its extracted juice is exported; but it also grows in Arabia, in Asia, along certain coastal areas, and on islands, as for instance on Andros, being not good for extracting juice but suitable for gluing together wounds when plastered on them.” (trans. L.Y. Beck); Plin., NH 27.14: laudatissima (scil. aloe) ex India adfertur, sed nascitur et in Asia, non tamen ea utuntur nisi ad volnera (...)”. – “The most valued kind (scil. of aloe) is imported from India, but it also grows in the province of Asia. This kind is used only for wounds (...)” (trans. W.H.S. Jones); Ps.-Gal. 19.724 and 733, uses the expression ἀλόη ᾿Ινδικὴ ‘Indian aloe’; in the former passage, the author writes: ἀντὶ ἀλόης ᾿Ινδικῆς, ἀλόης χλωρᾶς φύλλα (...) – “Instead of Indian aloes (apply) leaves of green aloes (...)”. Cf. Sextus Niger ap. Dsc. 1, praef. 3: Νίγερ (...) φησιν (...) ἀλόην δὲ ὀρυκτὴν ἐν ᾿Ιουδαίᾳ γεννᾶσθαι – “Niger (...) supposes (...) that aloe is mined in Judea” (trans. L.Y. Beck); Dioscorides himself criticises that view; cf. Isid., Etym. 17.8.9: Aloa in India atque Arabia gignitur (...) – “The aloa grows in India and Arabia (...)” (trans. A.S. Barney et al.).
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Oriental word – there are some similar words for ‘aloe’ attested in modern languages of India, Pakistan and Nepal, e.g., Hindi elūā, eluwā, elwā ‘aloe’, Punjabi elūā, elwā ‘bitter aloe (Aloe vera (L.) Baum.; not: Aloe perfoliata L.)’. Less likely is a connection of ἀλόη with Oriental words for ‘agarwood tree (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)’ and ‘agarwood’ (called also aloeswood) with its aromatic resin (called agar or aloes); indeed, the usage of that resin and of aloe extract is comparable, and some Oriental names for ‘agarwood’ are similar to Greek ἀλόη (see ἀγάλοχον and ἀλωθ), but we are dealing here with completely different plants.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CDIAL: 121; DUCHE: 115; PD: 344. Ref.: cf. EDG: 73; Lewy 1895: 36; Nielsen 1986: 66.
","id":"67","name":"ἀλόη","origin":["orie"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:32:19.494051+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αλφ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αλφ – ‘name of the Hebrew letter א’ (LXX: Ps. 118.1), αλ(ε)φ ‘id.’ (LXX: La., app. crit.), ἄλφ ‘id.’ (Eus., PE 10.5.4, 10.5.11, 11.6.34).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Cf. Eus., PE 10.5.3-12.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of the Hebrew letter name – cf. Jewish Aramaic ʾālap̄, ʾlp ‘name of the letter א’, Syriac ʾālap̄ ‘name of the letter ܐ’, etc. Cf. ἄλφα 1.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DJBA: 136; DJPA: 60; SL: 50.
","id":"68","name":"αλφ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:33:16.122341+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄλφα 1 <Semitic; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄλφα n. – ‘name of the letter Α’ (Plat., Crat. 393e, 399b etc.; Callias in Ath. 10.79/453d (once with a lacuna) and 453f; Arist., Metaph. 1086b, 1087a; etc.).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Eus., PE 10.5.3-12: ἕκαστον γοῦν τῶν στοιχείων παρ' αὐτοῖς (scil. ῾Εβραίοις) κατά τινος σημαντικῆς διανοίας τὴν προσηγορίαν φέρει, ὅπερ οὐκ ἔνεστιν εὑρεῖν παρὰ τοῖς ῞Ελλησι· διὸ καὶ μάλιστα μὴ ὄντα ἴδια ῾Ελλήνων ὁμολογεῖται. ἔστι δὲ τὰ πάντα παρ' ῾Εβραίοις στοιχεῖα δύο καὶ εἴκοσιν, ὧν τὸ μὲν πρῶτόν ἐστιν ῎Αλφ, ὃ μεταληφθὲν εἰς τὴν ῾Ελλάδα φωνὴν λέγοιτ' ἂν ‘μάθησις’· τὸ δὲ δεύτερον Βήθ, ὃ μεθερμηνεύεται ‘οἴκου’· τὸ τρίτον Γίμελ, ὅ ἐστι ‘πλήρωσις’· (...) καὶ παρὰ μὲν ῾Εβραίοις τοιάδε τίς ἐστιν ἡ τῶν στοιχείων μετάφρασις καὶ ἑρμηνεία, λόγου διάνοιαν ἀπαρτίζουσα τῇ τῶν στοιχείων μαθήσει τε καὶ ἐπαγγελίᾳ προσήκουσαν. τὸ ὅμοιον δ' οὐκ ἂν εὕροις καὶ παρ' ῞Ελλησιν, ὅθεν, ὡς ἔφην, ὁμολογεῖν ἀνάγκη μὴ ὄντα οἰκεῖα ῾Ελλήνων, παραπεποιημένα δὲ ἄντικρυς ἀπὸ τῆς βαρβάρου φωνῆς. καὶ ἐξ αὐτῆς δὲ ἐλέγχεται τῆς καθ' ἕκαστον στοιχεῖον ἐπωνυμίας. τί γὰρ τοῦ ῎Αλφ τὸ ῎Αλφα διενήνοχεν; ἢ τοῦ Βὴθ τὸ Βῆτα; ἢ τοῦ Γάμμα τὸ Γίμελ; ἢ τοῦ Δὲλθ τὸ Δέλτα; ἢ τοῦ Η τὸ Ε; ἢ τοῦ Ζαῒ τὸ Ζῆτα; ἢ τοῦ Τὴθ τὸ Θῆτα; καὶ ὅσα τούτοις παραπλήσια. ὥστε ἀναμφίλεκτον εἶναι τὸ μὴ ῾Ελλήνων οἰκείας εἶναι τὰς τοιάσδε φωνάς· ῾Εβραίων ἄρα, παρ' οἷς καὶ σημαῖνόν τι ἕκαστον αὐτῶν ἀποδείκνυται. παρὰ δὲ τούτοις πρώτοις ἀρξάμενα προῆλθεν εἴς τε ἄλλους καὶ δὴ καὶ εἰς ῞Ελληνας. – “For example, each letter among the Hebrews has its name from some significant idea, a circumstance which it is not possible to trace among the Greeks: on which account especially it is admitted that the letters are not originally Greek. Now the Hebrews have in all twenty-two letters: of which the first is ‘Alph,’ which translated into the Greek language would mean ‘learning’: and the second ‘Beth,’ which is interpreted ‘of a house’; the third is ‘Gimel,’ which is ‘fullness’; (...) Among the Hebrews such is the paraphrase and interpretation of the letters, making up a meaning in words appropriate to the learning and promise of the letters. But the like you cannot find among the Greeks, whence, as I said, it must be acknowledged that they do not belong originally to the Greeks, but have been imitated directly from the language of the Barbarians. This is also proved from the very name of each letter. For in what does ‘Alpha’ differ from ‘Alph’? Or ‘Beta’ from ‘Beth’? Or ‘Gamma’ from ‘Gimel’? Or: ‘Delta’ from ‘Delth’? Or ‘E’ (corr. R.R.) from ‘He’? Or ‘Zeta’ from ‘Zai’? Or ‘Theta’ from ‘Teth’? And all the like cases. So that it is indisputable that these names belong not originally to the Greeks: therefore they belong to the Hebrews, among whom each of them shows some signification. And having originated with them the letters passed on to other nations, and so to the Greeks.” (trans. E.H. Gifford).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Probably a Phoenician loanword – cf. Jewish Aramaic ʾālap̄, ʾlp ‘name of the letter א’, Syriac ʾālap̄ ‘name of the letter ܐ’, etc. The letter name goes back eventually to the Semitic word for ‘bull, ox’: Akkadian alpu(m) ‘bull, ox; cattle; beef’, Ugaritic ảlp ‘bull, ox; cattle; yearling calf, young cattle’, Phoenician and Punic ʾlp ‘ox’, Biblical Hebrew ʾelep̄ ‘cattle, head of cattle’ etc. Cf. αλφ and ἄλφα 2. The final -α occurring in many Greek letter names seems to have resulted in the metathesis -C1V̆C2 > -C1C2V̆ (where C1 is a sonorant), which initially took place in four letter names: *ἄλαφ or *ἄλεφ > ἄλφα, *γάμαλ or *γάμελ > *γάμλα > γάμμα, *δέλατ or *δέλετ > δέλτα, *λάμαδ or *λάμεδ > *λάμδα > λάμβδα > λάβδα; by analogy with these letter names, the vowel -α was added to some other names: βῆτα, ἦτα, θῆτα, ἰῶτα, κάππα and κόππα (cf. also ζῆτα, σίγμα). According to other views, the final -α is simply a prothesis added by the Greeks or a Semitic case ending (but without any proof).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: A.1, 364-372; CDA: 13; DCH: I, 299; DJBA: 136; DJPA: 60; DNWSI: 64; DUL: 58f.; HALOT: 59; PhPD: 55; SL: 50. Ref.: Krebernik 2007: 149 (cf. 146); Rosół 2013: 113-115; cf. Nöldeke 1904: 134f.; Powell 1991: 36; Ruijgh 1997: 557f.; Segert 1963: 52; Tropper 2000: 317-319; Tropper 2001: 358; Willi 2008: 413.
","id":"69","name":"ἄλφα 1","origin":["semi"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:34:11.457492+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄλφα 2 <Semitic; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄλφα – a Phoenician word for ‘bull, ox’ (Plut., Mor. 738a) or ‘head of bull/cow’ (Hsch. α 3321).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Plut., Mor. 738a: (...) ὅν (scil. Κάδμον) φασι τὸ ἄλφα πάντων προτάξαι διὰ τὸ Φοίνικας οὕτω καλεῖν τὸν βοῦν (...) – “(...) who (scil. Cadmus) is said to have placed alpha first because it is the Phoenician name for an ox (...)” (trans. F.H. Sandbach); Hsch. α 3321: ἄλφα· βοὸς κεφαλή. <Φοίνικες> – “alpha: head of bull/cow. <Phoenicians>”; in the manuscript, the ethnonym Φοίνικες appears in the previous gloss (Hsch. α 3320: ἀλύω) and was transposed by the modern editors into the next one (commonly accepted).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A distorted Phoenician word – Phoenician and Punic ʾlp ‘ox’; cf. Akkadian alpu(m) ‘bull, ox; cattle; beef’, Ugaritic ảlp ‘bull, ox; cattle; yearling calf, young cattle’, Biblical Hebrew ʾelep̄ ‘cattle, head of cattle’ etc. Phonetically, ἄλφα ‘bull, ox’ is not an exact Phonician word (we would expect *αλφ or *αλεφ), but only the Greek letter name ἄλφα that, ultimately, goes back to the Semitic word for ‘ox’. Cf. ἄλφα 1.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: A.1, 364-372; CDA: 13; DCH: I, 299; DNWSI: 64; DUL: 58f.; HALOT: 59; PhPD: 55.
","id":"70","name":"ἄλφα 2","origin":["semi"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:35:02.368869+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀλωθ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀλωθ – ‘agarwood (of Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)’ (LXX: Cant. 4.14).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of the Biblical Hebrew word ʾăhālôṯ (formally pl.) ‘agarwood (of Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)’ which occurs in the original text of BH: Cant. 4.14; cf. also Biblical Hebrew ʾăhālîm (formally pl.) ‘id.’. Cf. ἀγάλοχον.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: I, 146; HALOT: 19. Ref.: GELS: 22; Nielsen 1986: 66; Simotas 1969: 23.
","id":"71","name":"ἀλωθ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:35:53.087904+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αμαδαρωθ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αμαδαρωθ – ‘from galloping’ (LXX: Jud.A 5.22).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew middahărôṯ ‘’, i.e. a plural from of *dahărā ‘galloping’ with the preposition min ‘from’. The initial α- is an addition (either an error or a kind of prothesis). Note also Greek -α- in the second syllable vs. Masoretic -i-.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: II, 417; HALOT: 214. Ref.: GELS: 22.
","id":"151","name":"αμαδαρωθ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:03:46.588298+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἁμαζακάραν <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἁμαζακάραν – a Persian gloss with the meaning of ‘to fight, to be at war, to make a war etc.’ (Hsch. α 3390); the gloss is marked with † in the editions of K. Latte and I.C. Cunningham; cf. conjectures: ἁμαρανακαραν (F.C. Andreas) and ἁμαρακαραν (H.C. Tolman); however, the alphabetical order is correct: α 3389: ἁμαδρυάδες, α 3390: †ἁμαζακάραν, α 3391: ἁμαζανίδες.
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 3390: ἁμαζακάραν· πολεμεῖν. Πέρσαι – “hamazakaran: to fight. Persians”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A distorted Old Persian phrase hamaranam kar ‘to fight a battle’, containing hamarana- n. ‘battle, combat’ and kar ‘to do, make’; cf. also Old Persian hamaranakara- m. ‘fighter, warrior’. Netither Hesychius himself nor the manuscript transmission of his lexicon are responsible for a deformation of the Persian phrase, but it is likely that an erroneous form had already existed in a source of Hesychius. An example of such an error may be the Hesychean gloss ὀρμάται· οἱ ἀνδροκτόνοι. Σκύθαι – “ormatai: killers of men by Scythians”, which is a distorted form of Οἰόρπατα, i.e. a Scythian name for Amazons with the original meaning of ‘killers of men’ (Hdt. 4.110); the Herodotean Οἰόρπατα was falsely reinterpreted as a Greek nominative plural with an article (*οἱ ὀρπαται), as well as being conceived as a common word and slightly miswritten (μ instead of π); this must have occurred in a source of Hesychius, for the alphabetical order in his lexicon is correct: ο 1244: ὁρμάς, ο 1245: ὀρμάται, ο 1246: ὁρμειαί. Many scholars treat the form ἁμαζακάραν as correct, but they have not yet delivered a satisfying explanation. According to a widespread hypothesis, ἁμ- and -καρ- are interpreted as Old Persian ham- ‘with, together’ and kar ‘to do, make’, while -αζ- is compared to Avestan az ‘to lead’, Sanskrit aj- ‘to drive’, sam-aj- ‘to bring or collect together; to bring into conflict’, sam-āja ‘meeting with, falling in with; a meeting, assembly’ (as well as to the first part of the Iranian personal name Hamazasp attested in the South Caucasus region, also written in Greek Ἀμαζάσπος and Ἁμαζάσπης; -asp means ‘horse’). Cf. also similar explications: 1. ἁμ- and -καρ- as above, -αζ- is juxtaposed either with the Iranian root *ǰan- ‘to kill, to strike’, Avestan jan- (ɣn-) ‘to kill, to slay’, Old Persian gan- (jan-) ‘to strike, to slay’, or with the Indo-European root *magh- reconstructed e.g. on the basis of Greek μάχομαι ‘to fight’; 2. -καρ- as above, ἁμαζα- comes from the alleged Iranian word *hamaza- ‘war’ supposed also for Ἀμαζών f. ‘Amazon’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: WAK: 187f. and 200f. Ref.: Tolman 1921: 237; cf. Brust 2008: 66-70; Hinz 1975: 112; Justi 1895: 125; Lagercrantz 1912: 272f.; in der Smitten 1973: 366f.
","id":"72","name":"ἁμαζακάραν","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:36:49.078665+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀμάη <Semitic?; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀμάη ? – a Hebrew word with the meaning of σύγχυσις ‘mixture, confusion’ ? (Hsch. α 3450); however, the gloss is probably damaged (noteworthy are both the unusual style of definition and unexpected alphabetical order: α 3448 ἀμάρης, α 3449 ἀμάρῃσι, α 3450 ἀμάη, α 3451 †ἀμαρία, α 3452 ἁμαρτάδας).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 3450: ἀμάη· ῾Εβραϊστί, †βαβαὶ Συριστί, ῾Ελληνιστὶ σύγχυσις – “amaē: in Hebrew, babai in Aramaic, synchysis in Greek”. At least the major part of the definition seems to come from the Tower of Babel narrative in BH / LXX: Gen. 11.9; therefore, †βαβαὶ should be corrected to Βαβέλ (cf. Aquila: Gen. 11.9).
\r\n\r\n🅔 The gloss is unclear.
","id":"152","name":"ἀμάη","origin":["semi"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:04:27.732780+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀμάρα <Anatolian?; Archaic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀμάρα, Ionian ἀμάρη [⏑⏑-] f. – ‘trench, ditch, irrigation channel’ (Hom., Il. 21.259; A.R. 3.1392; Theocr. 27.53; cf. Sapph. 174; etc.); there are some derivations, but attested only in late antiquity, e.g. ἀμαρεύω ‘to flow off’ (Aristaenet. 1.17; Eust., Comm. ad Hom. Od. vol. I, p. 315.6; cf. Hsch. α 3446: ἀμαρεύων· διοδεύων).
\r\n\r\n🅔Probably an Anatolian borrowing. A similar word occurs only in Hittite, i.e. amiyara- ‘ditch, channel’. However, the discrepancy between Greek -α- and Hittite -iya- in the middle of the words is remarkable; perhaps, the foreign word came to Greek from an Anatolian (or non-Anatolian?) language, in which it had a slightly different form. Cf. other hypotheses: 1. a native word related to ἄμη f. ‘shovel’, διαμάω ‘to cut through’, ἐξαμάω ‘to mow, reap out’ (as well as to Old Church Slavonic jama ‘hole, pit’); 2. a connection with Albanian amë ‘source, river-bed’ (and some river names beginning with Ama-); 3. from Egyptian mr ‘canal, channel, ditch; pond, lake; harbour etc.’; cf. Egyptian mry.t ‘harbour, riverbank’, Demotic mr(.t) ‘id.’, Coptic ⲙⲣⲱ (S, A2), ⲉⲙⲡⲣⲱ (S), ⲉⲙⲃⲣⲱ (B), ⲉⲙⲣⲱ (B) ‘harbour, landing stage (on sea or river)’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: HW2: I, 67. Ref.: Carruba 1965: 558; GEW: I, 86; HED: I, 48; Laroche 1973: XiX; Neumann 1961: 91f.; cf. EDG: 82; HEG: I, 22; Kuiper 1995: 73-75; Simon 2018: 383f.; Silvestri 1975: 402-405; Solmsen 1909: 194-196.
","id":"73","name":"ἀμάρα","origin":["anat"],"period":["arch"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:37:37.030547+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀμάρακον <Unspecified origin; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀμάρακον [⏑-⏑⏑] n. – ‘marjoram (Origanum majorana L.)’ (Pherecr. 138.3; Thphr., HP 1.9.4, 9.7.3; Thphr., CP 1.4.1; etc.), also ἀμάρακος m. ‘id.’ (Chaerem. 14.16; Thphr., HP 6.1.1, 6.7.4).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Cf. Dsc. 3.39: σάμψουχον· κράτιστον τὸ Κυζικηνὸν καὶ Κύπριον, δευτερεύει δὲ τούτου τὸ Αἰγύπτιον· καλεῖται δὲ ὑπὸ Κυζικηνῶν καὶ τῶν ἐν Σικελίᾳ ἀμάρακον. – “The marjoram: the best are the Cyzician and the Cyprian; the Egyptian ranks second to them. The people in Sicily and Cyzicos call it amarakon” (trans. L.Y. Beck). Moreover, cf. a similar plant called ὁ ἀμάρακος ὁ Φρύγιος (Thphr., HP 6.8.3), literally, ‘Phrygian marjoram’ (an unidentified species of the genus Origanum L.).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps an Oriental word; cf. Sanskrit maruva- and maruvaka- ‘marjoram’ (both attested only in Lexica), but the details are unclear. Cf. a hypothesis that ἀμάρακον is a Pre-Greek word; with comparison, especially, to Hsch. α 84: ἀβαρύ· ὀρίγανον. Μακεδόνες (ms.: Μακεδονίᾳ).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CDIAL: 568; MW: 790. Ref.: GEW: I, 86; KEWA: II, 591; cf. EDG: 82; Furnée 1972: 210f.
","id":"74","name":"ἀμάρακον","origin":["orie"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:38:15.802471+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αμασενιθ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αμασενιθ (v.l. αμασενειθ) – ‘the sheminith (a musical term)’ (LXX: 1 Chr. 15.21).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A distorted transliteration of Biblical Hebrew haššəmînîṯ ‘the sheminith (a musical term)’, literally a feminine form of šəmînî ‘eighth’ with the definite article ha-. The Greek form underwent a metathesis.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: VIII, 442; HALOT: 1562. Ref.: GELS: 23; Simotas 1969: 24.
","id":"153","name":"αμασενιθ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:05:20.286472+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀματάραν see αματταρι
","id":"154","name":"ἀματάραν","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:05:48.476299+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αματταρι <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αματταρι (vv.ll. αρματταρι, λααρματταραι) – ‘target’ (LXX: 1 Sam. 20.20), ἀματάραν ‘id.’ (Thdt., Quaest. in Reg. 573D-576A).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Thdt., Quaest. in Reg. 573D-576A: τὴν ἀματάραν ἐν τῇ τῶν Ἑβραïκῶν ὀνομάτων ἑρμηνείᾳ οὕτως εὗρον κειμένην (...) – “I found amataran in the translation of Hebrew nouns (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew maṭṭārā ‘target (for archery); guard, watch’. The initial α- probably comes from a reading of lə-maṭṭārā (= εἰς τὴν αματταρι in LXX) as *la-maṭṭārā with a definite article (cf. v.l. λααρματταραι; but cf. also the unexpected initial vowel in αμαδαρωθ). The final -ι (v.l. -αι) in αματταρι is probably an error for -α, whereas ἀματάραν was Hellenised by adding -ν as an accusative mark (note the article τήν in both occurrences).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: V, 242; HALOT: 575. Ref.: GELS: 23; Simotas 1969: 24.
","id":"155","name":"αματταρι","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:08:54.540625+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αμαφεθ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αμαφεθ – ‘the threshold’ (LXX: 1 Sam. 5.4).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of the Biblical Hebrew form hammip̄tān, i.e. mip̄tān ‘threshold’ with the definite article ha-. However, the transliteration is incomplete (we would expect *αμαφεθαν); note also the difference in vocalisation: Masoretic -i- vs. Greek -α-.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: V, 434; HALOT: 619. Ref.: GELS: 23; Simotas 1969: 25.
","id":"156","name":"αμαφεθ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:09:46.302213+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄμβαρ <Semitic; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄμβαρ, gen. ἄμβαρος n. – ‘ambergris’ (Aët. 16.130, 16.142, etc.), ἄμπαρ n. ‘id.’ (Aët. 1.131; Cat. Cod. Astr. 9.2, 144.24), also gen. ἀμπάρεος (Cat. Cod. Astr. 9.2, 142.6).
\r\n\r\n🅔 From Arabic ʿanbar ‘ambergris’. The origin of the Arabic word is unknown.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: ALG: s.v. ʿanbar; DMWA: 647. Ref.: Zervan 2019: 11f.; cf. Le Maguer 2015: 178f.
","id":"157","name":"ἄμβαρ","origin":["semi"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:10:31.965310+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄμετρος <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄμετρος – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of βάτος ‘bramble (Rubus ulmifolius Schott)’ (Dsc. 4.37 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.37 RV: βάτος· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι αἰμοίως, οἱ δὲ ἄμετρος. – “Batos (bramble): the Egyptians (call it) aimoiōs or ametros”. Cf. αἰμοίως.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. The Egyptian word might be distorted under the influence of the adjective ἄμετρος, -ον ‘without or beyond measure, immense’. There are two unacceptable hypotheses: 1. from the Egyptian ꜥmꜥꜥ prob. ‘grain’; 2. ἄμετρος treated not as an Egyptian, but a Balkan gloss (allegedly related to the Albanian mjedër ‘raspberry’).
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Wiedemann 1883: 10; Witczak 2018.
","id":"75","name":"ἄμετρος","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:38:52.383934+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀμήν <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀμήν – ‘let it be so, truly, amen’ (since LXX: 1 Chr 16.36, Neh. 5.13, 8.6 etc.; many times in NT, e.g. Ev. Mt. 5.18). Cf. Cyril. α 1107: ἀμήν: πεπιστωμένως γένοιτο – “amēn: let it be truly”; Suda α 1576: Ἀμήν: πεπιστωμένως, ἀληθῶς – “Amēn: truly, truthfully”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Hebrew word – Biblical Hebrew ʾāmēn ‘surely! (a solemn formula)’; it was sometimes rendered as ἀμήν in the Septuagint (LXX: 1 Chr 16.36, Neh. 5.13, 8.6 etc.), but usually translated as γένοιτο ‘let it be’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: I, 317; HALOT: 64. Ref.: EncBib: 136-138; GELNT: 53f.; GELS: 24; Simotas 1969: 25.
","id":"76","name":"ἀμήν","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:40:16.859208+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄμι <Egyptian?; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄμι, gen. -εως or -ιος, n. – ‘ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague) or pick tooth (Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam.)’ (P.Tebt. 1 55.5: 2nd c. BCE; P.Tebt. 1 190v: 1st c. BCE; SB 6 9612.7 (gen. ἄμι<ο>ς): 1st c. BCE; Dsc. 3.62; etc.), also ἄμμι (Eudemus in: SH 412A.7; Androm. 157; Gal. 6.267, 11.747 etc.); cf. ἄμι ἄγριον ‘dragon arum (Dracunculus vulgaris Schott)’ (Dsc. 2.166 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Cf. Plin., NH 20.163: Est cumino simillimum quod Graeci vocant ami. (...) similis autem et huic (scil. cumino) usus. namque et panibus Alexandrinis subditur et condimentis interponitur. – “There is a plant very like cummin which the Greeks call ami. (...) Yet its use is similar to that of cummin, for it is put under loaves of bread at Alexandria and included among the ingredients of Alexandrian sauces” (trans. W.H.S. Jones); moreover, note that this plant was often called ‘Ethiopian cummin’ (Dsc. 3.62; Plin., NH 20.163; etc.).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps an Egyptian loanword, but its etymology is unknown. Scholars have tried to link it to the following words: 1. Egyptian mjmj ‘a plant (according to an interpretation, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench))’; 2. Egyptian ꜥmꜣ (actually ꜥmꜣw) ‘a plant’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Brugsch 1891: 26-28; Gardiner 1941-48: II, 113f.; Germer 2008: 41 and 77; Hemmerdinger 1968: 247; Hemmerdinger 1970: 53; Keimer 1924-84: I, 149; Mayser – Schmoll 1970: 26; Pierce 1971: 100f.; Torallas Tovar 2004: 179.
","id":"77","name":"ἄμι","origin":["egyp"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:43:24.495748+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄμωμον <Unspecified origin; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄμωμον n. – ‘black cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) and/or other species; products of that plant (esp. ointment)’ (Arist., fr. 110; Thphr., HP 9.7.2; Dsc. 1.15; etc.); cf. the derivative ἀμωμίς, -ίδος f. ‘a plant similar to black cardamom (growing in Armenia)’ (Dsc. 1.15), as well as καρδάμωμον n. ‘true cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton)’ (since Thphr., HP 9.7.2) being a compound consisting of κάρδαμον n. ‘garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.)’ and ἄμωμον.
\r\n\r\n⚠ Cf. Thphr., HP 9.7.2: τὸ δὲ καρδάμωμον καὶ ἄμωμον οἱ μὲν ἐκ Μηδείας, οἱ δ' ἐξ ᾿Ινδῶν καὶ ταῦτα καὶ τὴν νάρδον καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα. – “Cardamom and black cardamom (corr. R.R.) some say come from Media; others say that these come from India, as well as spikenard and most, if not all, of the other species” (trans. A. Hort); Dsc. 1.15: κάλλιστον (scil. ἄμωμον) δέ ἐστι τὸ ᾿Αρμένιον, χρυσίζον τῇ χρόᾳ, ἔχον δὲ τὸ ξύλον ὑπόκιρρον, εὐῶδες ἱκανῶς. τὸ δὲ Μηδικὸν διὰ τὸ ἐν πεδίοις καὶ ἐν ἐφύδροις τόποις φύεσθαι ἀδυναμώτερον· ἔστι δὲ μέγα καὶ ὑπόχλωρον καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἁφὴν ἁπαλὸν καὶ ἰνῶδες τοῖς ξύλοις ὀριγανίζον <τε> τῇ ὀσμῇ. τὸ δὲ Ποντικὸν ὑπόκιρρον, οὐ μακρὸν οὐδὲ δύσθραυστον, βοτρυῶδες, πλῆρες καρποῦ καὶ τῇ ὀσμῇ πληκτικόν. – “The best (scil. black cardamom) is the Armenian, golden in color, having wood that is yellowish and quite aromatic. But the Median, because it grows on plains and on marshlands, is weaker; it is large, greenish-yellow, soft to the touch, with fibrous wood, and it smells like oregano. The Pontic is yellowish, neither tall nor hard to break, resembling grape clusters, full of fruit, and overpowering in scent” (trans. L.Y. Beck); Plin., NH 12.48-49: Amomi uva in usu est <ex> Indica vite labrusca, ut alii existimavere, frutice <t>ortuoso (...). nascitur et in Armeniae parte quae vocatur Otene et in Media et in Ponto. – “The clustered amomum is much in use; it is obtained from the Indian wild-vine, or as other people have supposed from a twisted shrub (...). It grows in the part of Armenia called Otene, and also in Media and in Pontus.” (trans. H. Rackham); Isid., Etym. 17.8.11: Nascitur (scil. amomum) in Syria et Armenia (...) – “It (scil. amomum) grows in Syria and Armenia (...).” (trans. A.S. Barney et al.). Moreover, cf. Str. 16.1.24; Jos., AJ 20.25; Plin., NH 16.135; Plaut., Truc. 540; as well as the expression Assyrium amomum in Latin poetry (Verg., Ecl. 4.25; Mart., Epigr. 8.77.3; Sil. It. 11.402).
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Oriental borrowing without a certain etymology. It is probably a Wanderwort that occurs also in some late Semitic languages with the same meaning: Syriac ḥəmāmā, Arabic ḥamāmā etc.; undoubtedly, these forms are independent from Greek, whereas, e.g., Syriac ʾamomon comes from ἄμωμον. Moreover, cf. the Dravidian words: Tamil ēlam ‘true cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton); cardamom’, Malayalam ēlam ‘cardamoms’; if they are really connected with Greek ἄμωμον, Syriac ḥəmāmā etc., one should suppose that, somewhere between India and the Mediterranean Sea, the word underwent an assimilation: l ... m > m ... m. Other connections proposed so far: 1. Akkadian amāmû ‘an eye cosmetic’; 2. Biblical Hebrew *ḥamōm from ḥ-m-m ‘to be warm etc.’; 3. Arabic *hamana (a miswriting for ḥamāmā?).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: ALG: s.v. ḥamāmā; DED: 87; SL: 54 and 466. Ref.: cf. Boisacq 1916: 59; EDG: 96; Löw 1881: 169; Löw 1924-34: III, 497f.; É. Masson 1967: 50, n. 3; Zimmern 1917: 61, n. 3.
","id":"78","name":"ἄμωμον","origin":["orie"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:44:07.480879+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀνάκης <Unspecified origin; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀνάκης – ‘a kind of a small Indian bird’ (Hsch. α 4350).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 4350: ἀνάκης· ὄρνεόν τι ᾿Ινδικόν, ὅμοιον ψάρῳ – “anakēs: an Indian bird similar to a starling”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps a word coming from a language used in India. Cf. some unlikely hypotheses put forward to date: 1. from Old Indic ānaka- ‘drum; thunder-cloud’; the cry of this bird would resemble a sound of a drum; 2. from Tamil (in Ceylon) nākanam pătchi ‘Brahminy starling (Sturnus pagodarum)’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Arnott 2007: 22; Brust 2008: 70f.; Goossens 1943: 53f.; Thompson 1936: 51.
","id":"79","name":"ἀνάκης","origin":["orie"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:44:54.282249+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀναξυρίδες <Iranian?; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀναξυρίδες (pl.; rarely, sg. ἀναξυρίς) f. – ‘wide, long trousers (worn especially by the Persians, Scythians, etc.)’ (Hdt. 1.71, 3.87 etc.; Xen., Cyrop. 8.3.13; Anab. 1.5.8; etc.). Cf. ξυρίδες (pl.) ‘a kind of shoes’ (Phot. ξ 67) that is probably a back formation from ἀναξυρίδες.
\r\n\r\n⚠ The ancient authors mention that these trousers were worn especially by different Iranian peoples: the Persians (Hdt. 1.71, 3.87, 7.61; Xen., Cyrop. 8.3.13; Anab. 1.5.8; Dio Chrys. 72.3; Poll. 7.58; etc.), the Scythians (Hdt. 7.64; Hp., De aër. 22), the Bactrians (Dio Chrys. 72.3), the Parthians (Dio Chrys. 72.3), and, in general, the “Barbarians” (Hdt. 5.49; Dio Chrys. 72.3; Polyaen. 1.34.2). Cf. also the expressions: ἀναξυρίδες Περσικαί (Max. Tyr. 14.8c) and ἀναξυρίδες Μηδικαί (Arr., Anab. 6.29.6).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Probably an Iranian word, Hellenized under the influence of the prefix ἀνα-, suffix -ιδ- and, perhaps, ξυρόν n. ‘razor’ (and related words). The plant name ἀναξυρίς f. ‘sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.)’ (Dsc. 2.114; Schol. in Nic. Th. 838) seems to be of Greek origin. According to a hypothesis, ἀναξυρίδες is also a Greek word that consists of ἀνα- and ξυρίδ- being a derivative of ξυρόν n. ‘razor’. Moreover, cf. two improbable Iranian etymologies: 1. from Old Iranian ana- (cf. Avestan ana ‘on, upon, along’) and *xšūri- ‘calf’ (reconstructed on the basis of Latin sūra ‘id.’); 2. from an Old Persian word connected with Modern Persian čaxjīr ‘wide trousers which tie round the ankle’ (with the Greek prefix ἀνα-).
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Brust 2008: 71-76; EDG: 99; Hemmerdinger 1970: 55f.; Pisani 1942; Schmeja 1978; Schmitt 1971: 96.
","id":"80","name":"ἀναξυρίδες","origin":["iran"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:45:38.445112+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀναραβάχην <Semitic; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀναραβάχην (vv.ll. ἀναραβήχην, ἀραβάχην, Latin arabarchin) acc. sg. – ‘high priest’ (Jos., AJ 3.151).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Jos., AJ 3.151: Γίνονται δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἱερεῦσι στολαὶ πᾶσί τε τοῖς ἄλλοις, οὓς χααναίας καλοῦσι, καὶ δὴ καὶ τῷ ἀρχιερεῖ, ὃν ἀναραβάχην προσαγορεύουσι· σημαίνει δὲ ἀρχιερέα. – “There were garments both for all the other priests whom they call chaanaias, and in particular for the high priest, whom they denominate anarabachēn (it signifies ‘high priest’).” (trans. L.H. Feldman).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A distorted and Hellenised transliteration of an Aramaic term, probably Jewish Aramaic khnʾ rbʾ ‘high priest’. The accusative ending is Greek.
\r\n\r\n📖. Data: DJBA: 554; DJPA: 252.
","id":"158","name":"ἀναραβάχην","origin":["semi"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:11:16.134883+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ανδαρζαβιδ <Iranian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ανδαρζαβιδ m. – an Iranian title in the Sassanian Empire, perhaps ‘councillor’ (ŠKZ 64: 3rd c. CE).
\r\n\r\n⚠ ŠKZ is a trilingual (i.e. Middle Persian, Parthian, and Greek) inscription of Shapur I written on the walls of the Ka’ba-ye Zartosht (Cube of Zoroaster) in Naqsh-e Rustam (ca. 12 km from Persepolis).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Transliteration of a Middle Iranian word – Greek ανδαρζαβιδ (v. 64) = Middle Persian hndrcpt (v. 33) = Parthian hndrzpty (v. 27) ‘a title (perhaps councillor)’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: GIPP: 23 and 52. Ref.: Brust 2008: 76-78.
","id":"81","name":"ανδαρζαβιδ","origin":["iran"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:46:21.102602+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄνορ <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄνορ – a Scythian gloss in the meaning of νοῦς ‘mind’ (Hsch. α 5269).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 5269: ἄνορ· νοῦς, ὑπὸ Σκυθῶν – “anor: mind, (called so) by the Scythians”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Scythian gloss without etymology. A suggestion that ἄνορ is a miswriting of αἰόρ (v.l. of οἰόρ) ‘man’ seems to be unjustified for semantic reasons. Cf. also an implausible explanation of ἄνορ as an Iranian compound consisting of *anu- (Old Persian anu ‘along, according to’, Sanskrit anu ‘after, afterwards’, often used as a prefix) and *-wīra (Modern Persian wīr ‘mind, intellect, reason’ etc.).
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Brust 2008: 486; Mayrhofer 2006: 21; Witczak 1992: 58.
","id":"82","name":"ἄνορ","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:47:14.550888+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀνουφί <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀνουφί (v.l. ἀνουφή) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of ἄγρωστις ἡ ἐπαμήλωτος ‘dog’s tooth grass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.)’ (Dsc. 4.29 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.29 RV: ἄγρωστις ἡ ἐπαμήλωτος· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀνουφί. – “Agrōstis hē epamēlōtos (dog’s tooth grass): (...) the Egyptians (call it) anuphi (...)”. Cf. the Egyptian gloss in Ps.-Apul., Herb. 78: anuspe (vv.ll. anusphae, anusfe) ‘id.’.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. Cf. a hypothesis that ἀνουφί goes back to the Egyptian plant name ꜥnb, commonly identified as ‘halfa grass (Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf)’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Charpentier 1981: 157; Keimer 1927: 153-154.
","id":"83","name":"ἀνουφί","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:47:48.600485+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀνοῦχι <Egyptian?; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀνοῦχι, gen. -ιος, n. – ‘a kind of brushwood (used in the construction of dams)’ (P.Col.Zen. 37r,2.33: 3rd c. BCE; P.Petr. 3.41v.2: 3rd c. BCE).
\r\n\r\n⚠ This word is attested exclusively in papyri from Egypt.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps an Egyptian loanword.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Mayser – Schmoll 1970: 27; Torallas Tovar 2004: 180.
","id":"84","name":"ἀνοῦχι","origin":["egyp"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:48:22.904566+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀντουεριμβέσωρ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀντουεριμβέσωρ (vv.ll. ἀντουενρινβεσωρ, ἀντουερινβεσωρ) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of βούγλωσσον ‘large blue alkanet, bugloss (Anchusa azurea Mill.)’ (Dsc. 4.127 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.127 RV: βούγλωσσον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀντουεριμβέσωρ (...). – “Buglōsson (large blue alkanet): (...) the Egyptians (call it) antuerimbesōr (...)”. Cf. the Egyptian gloss in Ps.-Apul., Herb. 41: antuerenbesiar (vv.ll. antiesiligitor, antuenerucsor) ‘a kind of alkanet (a species of the genus Anchusa L.)’.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"85","name":"ἀντουεριμβέσωρ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:48:59.242489+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀνώθ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀνώθ – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of τηλέφιον ‘andrachne (Andrachne telephioides L.)’ (Dsc. 2.186 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 2.186 RV: τηλέφιον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀνώθ (...). – “Tēlephion (andrachne): (...) the Egyptians (call it) anōth (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"86","name":"ἀνώθ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:49:35.852709+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀνωνίμ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀνωνίμ – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of ὀρεοσέλινον ‘mountain parsley (Athamanta macedonica L.)’ (Dsc. 3.65 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 3.65 RV: ὀρεοσέλινον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀνωνίμ (...). – “Oreoselinon (mountain parsley): (...) the Egyptians (call it) anōnim (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. Cf. an old hypothesis: from the Egyptian jnhmn ‘pomegranate, pomegranate tree (Punica granatum L.)’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Wiedemann 1883: 12.
","id":"87","name":"ἀνωνίμ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:50:18.072228+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀξίνη <Semitic?; Archaic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀξίνη [---], Doric ἀξίνα, f. – ‘axe’ (Hom., Il. 13.612, 15.711; Hdt. 7.64; Soph., Ant. 1109; etc.).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Probably a Semitic loanword – Akkadian ḫaṣṣinnu(m) ‘axe’, Aramaic (Hatra) ḥṣn ‘id.’, Jewish Aramaic ḥăṣṣînā ‘id.’, Syriac ḥaṣṣīnā ‘pickaxe, axe’, etc.; cf. Sumerian hazin ‘axe’, Armenian kacʿin ‘axe, hatchet’. Greek ἀξ- is a result of a metathesis: Semitic ḥaṣ- → Greek *ἀχσ-; cf. ἀρσενικόν, ἄσφαλτος. In terms of phonetics, cf. two other explanations proposed to date: 1. ἀξ- from haḥṣ- (ha- would be a definite article), with psilosis of the initial h-; 2. ἀξ- from ḥaṣṣ-, with the dissimilation of -ṣṣ- (leading eventually to -χσ- > -ξ-) and with psilosis of the initial ḥ (in the Ionian dialect); but note that Semitic ḫ / ḥ was generally rendered as χ /kh/ in Greek. The Semitic origin of ἀξίνη is not commonly accepted. Cf. other etymological proposals: 1. a Wanderwort, connected with Latin ascia (< *acsia ?) ‘axe’, Gothic aqizi ‘id.’, etc.; 2. a Proto-Indo-European word related to Latin ascia (< *acsia ?) ‘axe’, Gothic aqizi ‘id.’, etc. 3. a Pre-Greek word (-īn- treated as an alleged Pre-Greek suffix); 5. ἀξίνη, Akkadian ḫaṣṣinnu(m) etc. borrowed independently from an Anatolian language.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: VI, 133f.; CDA: 110; DJBA: 479; DNWSI: 400; NDAE: 338; PSD: s.v. hazin; SL: 483. Ref.: Bai 2009: 28-30; Hemmerdinger 1970: 45; Lewy 1931: 29; Makkay 1998: 190-195; Rosół 2013: 21-23; Szemerényi 1974: 149; cf. DELG: 94; EDG: 111; GEW: I, 115f.; Lewy 1895: 178.
","id":"88","name":"ἀξίνη","origin":["semi"],"period":["arch"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:50:57.250301+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄπα <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄπα and ἀπᾶ (indecl.) m. – ‘father (of a monk and as a title of respect given to priests and bishops), abbot’ (Oasis d’Égypte 36,49.5: 4th c. CE; P.Lond. 1914.1 and 34: 4th c. CE; SEG 8 671, 678, 693: 4th-5th c. CE; etc.).
\r\n\r\n⚠ The word was used only in Christian inscriptions and papyri in Egypt.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Coptic LW – Coptic (Sahidic, Sub-Achminic, Bohairic, Fayyumic) ⲁⲡⲁ ‘father (a title of respect given to saints, martyrs and dignitaries of the Church), abbot’, cf. Coptic (Sahidic, Bohairic) ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ‘id.’. It is a reborrowing; the Coptic word comes from Greek ἀββᾶς m. (gen., dat., voc. ἀββᾶ, acc. ἀββᾶν) ‘father (of a monk), abbot’, which, for its part, is an Aramaic LW – Old and Official Aramaic ʾb ‘father, ancestor’, Biblical Aramaic ʾaḇ ‘id.’, Jewish Aramaic ʾāḇ, ʾabbā ‘id.’, Syriac ʾabbā ‘father’, etc. The evidence as a whole speaks against a contrary view that Coptic ⲁⲡⲁ is a borrowing from Greek ἄπα. Cf. ἀββα and ἀββᾶς.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CD: 13; CDO: s.v. ⲁⲃⲃⲁ and ⲁⲡⲁ; DJBA: 72f.; DJPA: 31f.; DNWSI: 1-3; HALOT: 1805f.; KH: 10; SL: 1. Ref.: cf. DELC: 3f. and 14; Förster 2002: 69; Spiegelberg 1927: 47f.
","id":"89","name":"ἄπα","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:52:28.410953+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀπάπ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀπάπ (vv.ll. ἄπαπ, ἀπατ or ἀπαπ) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of ἑλξίνη ‘bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.)’ (Dsc. 4.39 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.39 RV: ἑλξίνη· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀπάπ. – “Helxinē (bindweed): (...) the Egyptians (call it) apap”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. Cf. an old hypothesis: from the alleged Egyptian root *ꜥꜣpp ‘to creep’, supposed on the basis of ꜥꜣpp ‘Apep (a deity portrayed as a giant serpent)’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Wiedemann 1883: 12.
","id":"90","name":"ἀπάπ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:53:46.574641+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀπεμφύ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀπεμφύ – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of κώνειον ‘hemlock (Conium maculatum L.)’ (Dsc. 4.78 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.78 RV: κώνειον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀπεμφύ (...). – “Kōneion (hemlock): (...) the Egyptians (call it) apemphy (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"91","name":"ἀπεμφύ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:54:29.970168+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀπεριούμ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀπεριούμ (v.l. ἀπεμούμ) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of μανδραγόρα ἄρρεν ‘mandrake (Mandragora officinarum L. or another species of Mandragora L.)’ (Dsc. 4.75 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.75 RV: μανδραγόρα ἄρρεν· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀπεριούμ (...). – “Mandragora arren (mandrake): (...) the Egyptians (call it) aperium (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without a certain etymology; perhaps a distorted form of the Egyptian rrm.t prob. ‘mandrake’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DLE: I, 274; GHÄD: 504; cf. WÄS: II, 439.
","id":"92","name":"ἀπεριούμ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:55:17.783707+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀπουσί <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀπουσί – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of ἐλελίσφακον ‘sage (a species of Salvia L., esp. Salvia officinalis L.)’ (Dsc. 3.33 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 3.33 RV: ἐλελίσφακον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀπουσί (...). – “Elelisphakon (sage): (...) the Egyptians (call it) apusi (...)”. Cf. the Egyptian gloss in Ps.-Apul., Herb. 102: anusi (v.l. anuri) ‘id.’.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. Cf. two explanations: 1. from the Egyptian jbsꜣ ‘a plant’; 2. from the Egyptian jns.t ‘a plant’; on the basis of anusi and ἀπουσί (corrected to ἀνουσί), jns.t was identified as ‘sage’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Germer 2008: 31; Loret 1892: 54; Wiedemann 1883: 12.
","id":"93","name":"ἀπουσί","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:55:54.328824+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αρααβ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αρααβ – ‘the head, the chief’ (LXX: 1 Chr. 24.31).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A distorted transliteration of Biblical Hebrew hārōʾš, i.e. rōʾš ‘head; chief, leader’. The final -β (vs. Hebrew -š) is an error. Note also the difference between the Greek and the Masoretic vocalisations.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: VII, 365-376; HALOT: 1164-1167. Ref.: GELS: 60.
","id":"159","name":"αρααβ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:11:59.583979+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀραβάχην see ἀναραβάχην
","id":"160","name":"ἀραβάχην","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:12:34.656813+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αραβωθ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αραβωθ – ‘plains’ (LXX: 2 Sam. 15.28, 17.16).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew ʿarḇôṯ, i.e. a plural construct form of ʿărāḇā ‘steppe, desert, plain’. Cf. Αραβα ‘Arabah, i.e. Jordan valley between Sea of Galilee and Dead Sea’ (LXX: Deut. 1.7, etc.).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: VI, 552; HALOT: 880. Ref.: GELS: 60; Simotas 1969: 27f.
","id":"161","name":"αραβωθ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:13:16.800719+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αραφωθ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αραφωθ (v.l. αραβωθωθ) – ‘the barley groats’ (LXX: 2 Sam. 17.19).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew hārip̄ôṯ, i.e. rîp̄ôṯ / rip̄ôṯ (pl.) ‘barley groats’ with the definite article ha- (here hā-).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: VII, 483f.; HALOT: 1227. Ref.: GELS: 60; Simotas 1969: 29.
","id":"162","name":"αραφωθ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:13:57.164490+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀραχού <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀραχού – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of ἄνηθον τὸ ἐσθιόμενον ‘dill (Anethum graveolens L.)’ (Dsc. 3.58 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 3.58 RV: ἄνηθον τὸ ἐσθιόμενον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀραχού (...). – “Anēthon to esthiomenon (dill): (...) the Egyptians (call it) arachu (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. According to an unlikely interpretation, ἀραχού is a genitive singular of the Greek ἄραχος ‘wild vetch (Vicia sibthorpii Boiss.)’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Pommerening 2016: 101, with n. 120.
","id":"94","name":"ἀραχού","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:56:35.474522+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀργαπéτης see ἀρκαπάτης
","id":"95","name":"ἀργαπéτης","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:57:00.973685+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀργυῖτας <Phrygian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀργυῖτας – a Phrygian gloss with the meaning of λάμια ‘a kind of shark’ (Hsch α 7115); the meaning of Λάμια ‘Lamia (a fabulous monster)’ is also possible. No doubt the gloss is corrupted; cf. the incorrect alphabetical order: ῎Αρειος πάγος, †ἀρειούζει, †ἀργυῖτας, ᾿Αρειμάνης, ἀρείφατον λῆμα; perhaps the beginning of the gloss was originally ἀρει- (it is at least likely that Ε was miswritten as Γ in majuscule).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 7115: †ἀργυῖτας· τὴν λαμίαν. Φρύγες – argyitas: shark (acc. sg.). Phrygians”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps a Phrygian word.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Diakonoff – Neroznak 1985: 93.
","id":"163","name":"ἀργυῖτας","origin":["phry"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:14:35.430725+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀρδυφιός <Iranian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀρδυφιός (cj.) – a Persian word with the meaning of ἀετός ‘eagle’, actually attested in three different variants: ἀρδύφιος (Cyrill. α 878), ἀδρυφιός (Hdn. 3.1, p. 126 = Choerob., Epimer. in Ps. p. 128.9; with a statement that the word is oxytonic) and ἄρξιφος (Hsch. α 7358); the two latter forms are deformations of ἀρδυφιός (ἄρξιφος had been already distorted in a source of Hesychius, for the alphabetical order in his lexicon is correct: α 7357: ἄρξαι, α 7358: ἄρξιφος, α 7359: Ἀροανδικόν).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hdn. 3.1, p. 126 (= Choerob., Epimer. in Ps. p. 128.9): (...) ἀδρυφιός παρὰ Πέρσαις ὁ ἀετός. – “(...) adryphios (means) eagle aamong the Persians”; Hsch. α 7358: ἄρξιφος· ἀετός, παρὰ Πέρσαις “arksiphos: eagle, among the Persians”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Persian loanword – Young Avestan ərəzifya- prob. ‘eagle’ (attested only in the compound ərəzifyō-parəna- prob. ‘eagle-feathered’), Middle Persian āluf, āluh ‘eagle’, Modern Persian āluh (also ulah, ullah) ‘id.’; cf. Armenian arcowi and arciw ‘id.’ (an inherited word or a loanword from Iranian?). Presumably, ἀρδυφιός goes back to Old Persian *ərdifya- (or a similar form). It is little likely that the Hesychian gloss ἄρξιφος should be corrected to ἄρζιφος and treated as a Median counterpart of Old Persian *ərdifya- (cf. Old Persian [d] vs. Median [z]).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: AiW: 354; CPD: 7; CPED: 96; DMMPP: 5; NDAE: 74. Ref.: cf. Arnott 2007: 1 and 27; Brust 2008: 91-114; Greppin 1978: 48; Olsen 1999: 439; Thompson 1936: 55;Tolman 1921: 236.
","id":"96","name":"ἀρδυφιός","origin":["iran"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:57:44.468685+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀρηβώ <Unspecified origin; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀρηβώ f. – ‘a kind of cinnamon’ (Gal. 14.72).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps an Oriental word. For morphology, cf. κιττώ, μοτώ.
","id":"164","name":"ἀρηβώ","origin":["orie"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:15:13.824382+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αριηλ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αριηλ – ‘altar hearth’ (LXX: Ez. 43.15 (2x) and 16).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew ʾărîʾēl (also hārʾēl) ‘altar hearth’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: I, 377; HALOT: 87. Ref.: cf. GELS: 61; Simotas 1969: 31.
","id":"165","name":"αριηλ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:15:50.162055+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄριμα <Iranian; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄριμα – a Scythian word with the meaning of ἕν ‘one’ (Hdt. 4.27).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hdt. 4.27 mentions that there are one-eyed men in northern Scythia; he adds that this tribe is called Arimaspi (Ἀριμασποί) and gives a Scythian etymology of the ethnonym: ἄριμα γὰρ ἓν καλέουσι Σκύθαι, σποῦ δὲ ὀφθαλμόν. – “for in the Scythian tongue arima is one, and spou is the eye.” (trans. A.D. Godley).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Scythian word without etymology. Cf. an unsatisfactory connection with Ossetian ærmæst ‘only’. See also σποῦ.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref. cf. Brust 2008: 114; Nikić 2009: 24.
","id":"97","name":"ἄριμα","origin":["iran"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:58:16.008788+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αριωθ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αριωθ – ‘edible plants’ (LXX: 2 Reg. 4.39).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of the Biblical Hebrew form ʾōrōṯ (pl.) ‘edible plants’, identified as ‘mallow (Malva pusilla Sm.)’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: I, 371; HALOT: 25. Ref.: GELS: 62; Simotas 1969: 31.
","id":"166","name":"αριωθ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:16:33.495470+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀρκαπάτης <Iranian/Semitic?; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀρκαπάτης m. – a title of an official (P.Dura 20.4: 2nd c. CE), ἀργαπéτης m. (attested as acc. sg. -ην) ‘id.’ (PAT 286 and 289 = IGRR 3 1044 and 1043: 3rd c. CE; cf. also PAT 287 = IGRR 3 1042: 3rd c. CE), as well as, probably, ἀρχαπέτης (attested in gen. sg. -ου) ‘id.’ (Petr. Patr. p. 135.5; in ed.: Ἀρχαπέτου). The form *ἀργαβίδης (quoted as a variant) is not attested (Theophyl. Sim. 3.18 has only the proper name Ἀρσακίδης with two variae lectiones: Ἀρτακίδης and Ἀρσαβίδης). As the spiritus asper was not marked in late Greek inscriptions, we cannot determine if the title was pronounced as ἁργ-/ἁρκ- or ἀργ-/ἀρκ-.
\r\n\r\n⚠ The form ἀρκαπάτης is attested in a parchment found in Dura-Europos, an ancient city on the Euphrates in Parthia (P.Dura 20.4), while ἀργαπéτης appears in bilingual Greek–Palmyrene inscriptions from Palmyra; its Palmyrene equivalent is ʾrgbṭʾ (PAT 286 and 289; cf. also PAT 287).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Middle Iranian title of a high dignitary with the meaning ‘chief of taxes’: Middle Persian hlgwpt ‘chief of taxes’, Parthian hrkpty ‘id.’. The Iranian word was borrowed into other languages: Jewish Aramaic ʾalqapṭā, ʾrqwbṭ, ʾrqpṭʾ, Mandaic arqabata, Palmyrene ʾrgbṭʾ, Syriac ʾrgbṭʾ, Armenian harkapet. Originally, it is a compound: cf. Middle Persian harg ‘duty, tribute; work, effort’ and -bed (suffix) ‘-lord, -master’ (this is a common suffix, e.g. Middle Persian mānbed ‘master of the house, house-lord’ with mān ‘house, dwelling’). The existence of two variants ἀρκαπάτης and ἀργαπéτης seems to indicate that they were borrowed independently (whereas ἀρχ- in ἀρχαπέτης is rather a result of a folk-etymology to ἀρχή f. ‘power, sovereignty; office’ etc.). It is not clear if they were adapted from Middle Persian (e.g. from early Middle Persian *harkpet); perhaps ἀρκαπάτης comes from Parthian hrkpty and ἀργαπéτης from Palmyrene ʾrgbṭʾ? Cf. a hypothesis that the Semitic forms of the title were not taken directly from Iranian, but from Greek (however, note that the psilosis h- > Ø occurred in Parthian). Moreover, cf. an old and mistaken explanation of the Iranian title as ‘chief of citadel’ or ‘governor of a city’; the first part of the compound would be Middle Iranian *arg ‘citadel, fortress’ (compared to Modern Persian arg ‘a small citadel within a larger one’ and/or even Latin arx ‘citadel’); however, the Middle Persian and Parthian forms with the initial h- later disproved this etymology.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CPD: 18 and 43; DJBA: 136; DJPA: 77; DNWSI: 103; GIPP: 23 and 52; MD: 39; NDAE: 393; SL: 94. Ref.: Brust 2008: 115-117; Gnoli 2007: 95-113; Herman 2010: 65-77; ILS: 115f.; Khurshudian 1998: 116-124; Schmitt 1982; Schwartz 2004; Szemerényi 1975: 367-375.
","id":"98","name":"ἀρκαπάτης","origin":["iran","semi"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:59:02.531735+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἁρμαλά <Unspecified origin; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἁρμαλά, ἅρμαλα, ἅρμολα (cf. also vv.ll. αρμαλαλα, ἁρμαλαλᾶ in Dsc. 3.45 RV) f. or indecl. – ‘wild rue (Peganum harmala L.)’ (Dsc. 3.46; Gal. 12.82, 12.938, 13.257; Ps.-Gal. 19.725) and ‘rue (Ruta graveolens L.)’ (Dsc. 3.45 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 3.45 RV: πήγανον κηπαῖον· (...) Σύροι ἁρμαλά, οἱ δὲ βησσασά (...) – “Cultivated rue: (...) the Syrians (call it) harmala or bēssasa (...)”. But cf. Dsc. 3.46: καλοῦσι δέ τινες αὐτὸ (scil. πήγανον ἄγριον) ἁρμαλά, Σύροι δὲ βήσσασαν, Καππάδοκες δὲ μῶλυ (...) – “Some call this plant (scil. wild rue) harmala, the Syrians bessasa, and the Cappadocians moly (...)” (trans. L.Y. Beck); Gal. 12.82: Μῶλυ. τινὲς τοῦτο πήγανον ἄγριον ὀνομάζουσιν, ἔνιοι δὲ ἅρμολαν, Σύροι δὲ βησασὰν, ὥσπερ δὴ καὶ οἱ Καππαδόκαι μῶλυ (...) – ‘’Mōly (wild rue). Some call it pēganon agrion, some other (call it) harmolan, the Syrians (call it) bēsasa, whereas the Cappadocians call it mōly (...)”; Gal. 12.938: (...) βήσασα, ὅ τινες ἅρμαλα καλοῦσι (...) – “(...) bēsasa that some call harmala (...)”; Gal. 13.257: Βήσασα, σπέρμα δέ ἐστιν ἐν Συρίᾳ γεννώμενον τοῦ ἀγρίου πηγάνου, ὃ δὴ οἱ ἐντόπιοι ἅρμαλα καλοῦσιν. – “Bēsasa: it is a seed found in Syria, that the locals call harmala”. Cf. βήσασα.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Probably an Oriental word – cf. Arabic ḥarmal ‘wild rue (Peganum harmala L.)’. The Syriac ʾarmlā ‘id.’ and Coptic ⲁⲣⲙⲁⲣⲁ (S) ‘id.’ are interpreted as loans from Greek. Cf. ἄρμαρα.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DMwA: 172; DSO: s.v. ⲁⲣⲙⲁⲣⲁ; SL: 102. Ref.: cf. EDG: 134; Löw 1924-34: III, 509.
","id":"99","name":"ἁρμαλά","origin":["orie"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T20:59:39.102643+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄρμαρα <Egyptian?; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄρμαρα, indecl. (or pl. n.?) – ‘a kind of aromatic resin’ (PGM IV 1294 and 1990: 4th c. CE).
\r\n\r\n⚠ The word is attested only in a magical papyrus from Egypt.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps an Egyptian word? Cf. a common view that ἄρμαρα is a variant of ἁρμαλά ‘wild rue; rue’, but they are rather two different lexemes.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. EDG: 134.
","id":"100","name":"ἄρμαρα","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:00:10.670492+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄρξιφος see ἀρδυφιός
","id":"101","name":"ἄρξιφος","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:00:44.116018+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀρραβών <Semitic; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀρραβών [-⏑-], -ῶνος m. – ‘earnest money, deposit, surety, guarantee’ (Cratin. 230; Is. 8.23; Antiph. 121.6; etc.) and ‘gift (as bribe)’ (Plut., Vitae: Galb. 17.3), later written also as ἀραβών (BGU 446.5, 17, 18: 2nd c. CE; etc.).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Note that Biblical Hebrew ʿērāḇôn was translated as ἀρραβών in LXX: Gen. 38.17, 18 and 20.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Semitic loanword – Akkadian erubbātum, erubātu (plur. tant.) ‘pledge, security’, Ugaritic ʕrbn ‘guarantor, surety’, Biblical Hebrew ʿērāḇôn ‘pledge, security’, Imperial Aramaic ʿrbn ‘id.’, Jewish Aramaic ʿārəḇônā, ʿārəḇôn ‘id.’, Syriac ʿərāḇā ‘guarantee, surety’, etc. The Semitic word was also borrowed into Egyptian: Demotic ꜣrb ‘pledge’, Coptic ⲁⲣⲏⲃ (S, B, F, L, M), (ⲉ)ⲣⲏⲃ (S, B, F), ⲗⲏⲃ (F) ‘id.’. Cf. ἄρφα.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: IV, 327; CD: 15; CDA: 80; CDD: s.v. ꜣrb; CDO: s.v. ⲁⲣⲏⲃ; DCH: VI, 553; DJBA: 880; DJPA: 418; DNWSI: 886; DUL: 179; HALOT: 881; KH: 11; SL: 1134; cf. DG: 7. Ref.: GEW: I, 151; Lewy 1895: 120; É. Masson 1967: 30f.; M. Masson 1987: 61f.; Mayer 1960: 326; Rosół 2013: 23f.; San Nicolò 1932: 34-38; cf. DELG: 115; EDG: 139f.
","id":"102","name":"ἀρραβών","origin":["semi"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:01:19.390743+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀρρενικόν see ἀρσενικóν
","id":"103","name":"ἀρρενικόν","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:01:43.549972+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀρσενικóν <Iranian/Semitic?; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀρσενικóν and ἀρρενικόν n. – ‘orpiment (an arsenic sulphide mineral)’ (Arist., Probl. 966b; Thphr., De lap. 50-51; etc.), later also ἀρρενική f. ‘id.’ (Gal. 12.212, 13.852) and ἀρσενίκιον n. ‘id.’ (Ps.-Gal. 14.560; Eust., Comm. ad Hom. Il., vol. III, p. 418.27f.).
\r\n\r\n⚠ The Greeks imported orpiment probably from the Near East, perhaps from Asia Minor, Kurdistan or Iran. Cf. a mountain of orpiment in Carmania (a region in Iran), mentioned in Str. 15.2.14 (on the basis of Onasicritus, a historian and philosopher accompanying Alexander the Great in Asia). Moreover, cf. the expression ἀρσενικὸν τὸ Ποντικόν (Gal. 13.944).
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Iranian word that the Greeks took from an Old Iranian language or, indirectly, through a Semitic mediation. An Old or Middle Iranian counterpart is not attested, but there are similar words with the meaning ‘arsenic’ and/or ‘sulphide of arsenic’ in other Oriental languages: Imperial Aramaic zrnyk, Syriac zarnīkā, Armenian zaṙik, Modern Persian zarnī, zirnīḫ, zirnīq, zarnīq, Arabic zirnīḫ, zarnīḫ, etc. The original Old Iranian form was derived from a word with the basic meaning ‘gold, golden’ by means of the suffix -ka- – cf. Young Avestan zaranya- ‘gold’, zarənya-, zaranaēna-, zarənaēna- ‘golden’, Middle Persian zarr ‘gold’ and zarrēn ‘golden’, Parthian zarnēn ‘golden’. In Greek, a metathesis of *σαρ- > ἀρσ- took place; cf. ἀξίνη, ἄσφαλτος. The form with -ρρ- is secondary due to the assimilation of -ρσ- (cf. ἄρσην / ἀρσενικός vs. ἄρρην / ἀρρενικός ‘male’). Cf. other hypotheses: 1. Greek ἀρσενικóν went back to the Iranian name of Drangiana, i.e. Old Persian Zranka-; cf. Greek Δραγγιανή, Δραγγή, Ζαραγγιανή, etc. ‘Drangiana’, as well as Σαράγγαι, Ζαράγγαι, Ζαραγγαῖοι ‘Drangianians’; 2. Greek ἀρσενικóν was primary (from ἀρσενικός, -ή, -όν ‘male’) and borrowed into Oriental languages.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: AiW: 1677f., 1683; ALG: s.v. zirnīḫ; CPD: 98; DMMPP: 384f.; DMWA: 376; DNWSI: 340; NDAE: 176; PED: 616; SL: 399. Ref.: EDG: 141; Hinz 1975: 278; ILS: 178; Lewy 1895: 55; Lüschen 1979: 175; Rosół 2013: 137; cf. Brust 2008: 117-122.
","id":"105","name":"ἀρσενικóν","origin":["iran","semi"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:03:04.184453+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀρτάβη <Unspecified origin/Iranian?; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀρτάβη f. – ‘artaba, a Persian and Egyptian measure of capacity (in Persia: ≈ 52-56 litres; in Egypt: ≈ 39-44 litres, later ≈ 29 litres; also ≈ 20 litres)’ (Hdt. 1.192; P.Cair.Zen. 113.5, 6, 13, 14 and 124.7 (in both papyri abbreviated as ἀρ): 3rd c. BCE; LXX: Is. 5.10; Plb. 5.89.1 and 4; etc.); the artaba is referred to as an equivalent to: a) 1 Attic medimnos and 3 choinikes ≈ 56 litres (Hdt. 1.192); b) 1 Attic medimnos ≈ 52 litres (Polyaen. 4.3.32; Hsch. α 7471 = Suda α 4020); c) 72 xestai / 72 sextarii / ½ Ptolemaic medimnos / 4.5 modii ≈ 39 litres (Epiph., De mens. (Hultsch) 82.14 (= Epiph., De mens. (Moutsoulas) 734f.), 84.11 (= Heron, De mens. 61.11); Ps.-Heron, De mens. 81.5; Isid., Etym. 16.26.16); d) 40 choinikes / 5 modii ≈ 44 litres (P.Oxy. 9.8-9: 3rd-4th c. CE; Ps.-Gal., De pond. 55.1); e) 3⅓ modii ≈ 29 litres (Ps.-Heron, De mens. 81.5); f) 2¼ modii ≈ 20 litres (Heron, De mens. 18.1).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hdt. 1.192: ἡ δὲ ἀρτάβη μέτρον ἐὸν Περσικὸν χωρέει μεδίμνου ᾿Αττικοῦ πλέον χοίνιξι τρισὶ ᾿Αττικῇσι – “the artaba is a Persian measure, containing more by three Attic choenixes than an Attic medimnos” (trans. A.D. Godley); Polyaen. 4.3.32: ἡ δὲ ἀρτάβη ἡ Μηδικὴ μέδιμνός ἐστιν ᾿Αττικός – “the Median artaba is (equal to) an Attic medimnos”; Hsch. α 7471 = Suda α 4020: ἀρτάβη: μέτρον Μηδικὸν σίτου, ᾿Αττικὸς μέδιμνος. – “artabē: a Persian measure of grain, (equivalent to) an Attic medimnos” (trans. J. Benedict in Suda On Line); Schol. in Atistoph.: Ach. 91: Περσικὸν δὲ καὶ Αἰγύπτιον τὸ ὄνομα (scil. ἀρτάβη) – “(artabē) is a Persian and Egyptian name”; Isid., Etym. 16.26.16: Artaba mensura est apud Aegyptios sextariorum septuaginta duorum (...). – “The artaba is a measure used by the Egyptians, consisting of seventy-two sextarii (...)” (trans. A.S. Barney et al.); Epiph., De mens. (Hultsch) 82.14 = Epiph., De mens. (Moutsoulas) 734f.: ἀρτάβη, τοῦτο τὸ μέτρον παρ' Αἰγυπτίοις ἐκλήθη. ἔστι δὲ οβ′ ξεστῶν. – “Artabē, this measure was named so amongst the Egyptians. It consists of 72 xestai.”; Epiph., De mens. (Hultsch) 84.11 = Heron, De mens. 61.11: ἀρτάβη παρ' ῾Εβραίοις ξεστῶν οβ′. (...) ἀρτάβη δὲ ἐκλήθη ἀπὸ τοῦ παρ' Αἰγυπτίοις ὀρτόβ, ὅ ἐστι καλῶς συγκείμενον. – “Artabē amounts to 72 xestai amongst the Hebrews. (...) artabē was named by the Egyptians from ortob that means ‘well composed’.”; according to the Syriac translation of Epiphanius’ work, the description of artabē is as follows (chapter 28): “(Concerning) the ardeb. This measure was named by the Egyptians, and it consists of 72 xestai. (...). But that which is called the ardeb is called the artaba in the language of the Egyptians, which is interpreted ‘well composed’ or ‘well constituted’. It is artaba in the Greek for the sake of clearness. And the Hebrew is abundantly used to this measure because of the sojourn of the Israelites in Egypt, whence they acquired the use of the measure. (...) that (scil. ardeb) which (is composed) of 72 (scil. xestai); (...)” (trans. J.E. Dean). Moreover, see Suda α 4671 (= Schol. in Aristoph.: Ach. 108): ἀχάνη: μέτρον ἐστὶ Περσικόν, ὥσπερ ἡ ἀρτάβη παρὰ Αἰγυπτίοις. (...) – “Achanē: It is a Persian measure, just like the artabē amongst Egyptians. (...)” (trans. J. Benedict in Suda On Line); note that ἀχάνη (with the basic meaning of ‘chest, box’) is probably not a name of a Persian unit; this meaning seems to be a result of a misinterpretation of Ar., Ach. 106-109, and of a connection with ἀχάνη f. ‘a large Beotian measure of capacity (equal to 45 Attic medimnoi ≈ 2350 litres)’ (Arist., fr. 566).
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Oriental loanword. The artaba seems to be originally an Iranian measure of capacity that was widespread in the Near East; it is difficult to ascertain from what language its name came into Greek (Old Persian? Imperial Aramaic? Egyptian? etc.) – Elamite ir-du-ba, ir-ti-ba, ir-du-ba-um, ir-du-ba-am, ir-du-ma-um (from Old Persian), Akkadian (Neo-Babylonian) ardabu (from Aramaic or Old Persian), Imperial Aramaic ʾrdb (from Iranian), Jewish Aramaic ʾardəḇā (from Iranian), Mandaic ardba (from Iranian), Syriac ʾrdbʾ (from Iranian; but ʾrṭbʾ from Greek), Armenian ardu (from Iranian), Arabic irdabb, ardabb (from Aramaic?), Modern Persian irdabb (from Arabic), Demotic rtb, Coptic ⲁⲣⲧⲟⲃ, ⲁⲣⲧⲁⲃ, ⲣⲧⲟⲃ, (ⲉ)ⲣⲧⲟϥ (S), ⲉⲣⲧⲟⲃ (S, B), ⲉⲣⲧⲟⲡ, ⲉⲣⲧⲱⲃ (B), ⲣⲧⲁⲃ (S, M), ⲉⲣⲧⲁⲃ (S, F, M), ⲉⲗⲧⲁⲃ, (ⲉ)ⲗⲧⲁϥ (F); the volume of the unit often differs depending on place and time. See also ὀρτόβ.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: I.2, 241; CD: 305; CDA: 23; CDD: s.v. rtb; CDO: s.v. ⲣⲧⲟⲃ; CPED: 35; DG: 259; DJBA: 164; DMWA: 13; DNWSI: 103; EW: 772f. and 783; KH: 168; MD: 36; NDAE: 72; SL: 95 and 98. Ref.: DELC: 16; EDG: 141; EIr: s.v. artabē; Hemmerdinger 1969: 18f.; Hemmerdinger 1970: 46; Hinz 1975: 204f.; ILS: 116.; Pommerening 2005: 163f.; Schmitt 1971: 100-102; Tavernier 2007: 449f.; Torallas Tovar 2007: 690; Vitmann 2004: 137; Vleeming 1981.
","id":"106","name":"ἀρτάβη","origin":["iran","orie"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:04:01.492567+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀρτάδες <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀρτάδες (pl.) m. – a word used by the magi in the meaning of οἱ δίκαιοι ‘the righteous’ (Hsch. α 7472). Cf. a doubtful reading τ̣ὰ̣[ς ἀ]ρ̣τά̣δ̣α̣[ς (acc. pl. f.) ‘the souls of the righteous’ (P.Derv. 6.1: 4th c. BCE; a proposal by F. Ferrari; cf. τ̣ὰ̣[ς ψυχὰς,] in the edition of Th. Kouremenos, G.M. Parássoglou and K. Tsantsanoglou).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 7472: ἀρτάδες· οἱ δίκαιοι, ὑπὸ Μάγων – “artades: the righteous, (used) by the magi”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Old Persian (or Early Middle Persian) word – Old Persian r̥tāvan- (nom. sg. m. r̥tāva) ‘blessed’, literally ‘partaking of truth (about a worshipper of Ahura Mazda after death)’, Middle Persian ardā ‘righteous, truthful’, ardāw ‘just, righteous; used sometimes as a synonym for the Elect (in Manichaeism)’, Parthian ardāw ‘id.’; cf. Old Persian *r̥tā- (attested only in r̥tāvan- and in two personal names), Old and Young Avestan aša- (< *arra-) ‘asha, truth, righteousness’ and Young Avestan arəta- ‘id.’ (attested only in a compound), Middle Persian ardāyīh ‘righteousness, rectitude, justice; community of the righteous (i.e. the Manichaean church)’. It is not clear why the Persian word was adapted into Greek by means of the suffix -αδ-; cf. an unlikely hypothesis that *ἀρταδ- was a compound consisting of *r̥tā- ‘truth’ and dā ‘to give’ (the compound would originally have meant ‘giver of truth’).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: AiW: 193 and 229-238; CPD: 11; DMMPP: 51f.; WAK: 240. Ref. cf. Brust 2008: 123-125.
","id":"107","name":"ἀρτάδες","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:04:40.075647+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀρταῖοι <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀρταῖοι (pl.) m. – a Persian word with the meaning of ἥρωες ‘heroes’ (Hsch. α 7473; Steph. Byz. p. 127.6-7 = Hellanic., fr. 60).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 7473: ἀρταῖοι· οἱ ἥρωες, παρὰ Πέρσαις – “artaioi: ‘the heroes’, among the Persians”; Steph. Byz. p. 127.6-7: ἀρταίους δὲ Πέρσαι, ὥσπερ οἱ ῞Ελληνες τοὺς παλαιοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἥρωας καλοῦσι. – “The Persians use attaioi in the same way the Greeks use hērōes (‘heroes’) for people of past generations.”
\r\n\r\n🅔 Probably a Persian word, but it is difficult to indicate a similar Iranian word being a semantic equivalent of Greek ἥρως. Another problem concerns the relationship of ἀρταῖοι with the ethnonym Ἀρταῖοι ‘Persians’ (an older name of the Persians according to Hdt. 7.61; see also Steph. Byz. p. 127.4-6 = Hellanic., fr. 60) and Ἀρταία ‘Persia’ (Steph. Byz. p. 127.4 = Hellanic., fr. 60); these proper names do not go back to the name of the Aryans (Greek Ἄριοι), but probably represent a distorted name of Urartu (the Kingdom of Urartu existed in the 9th-7th c. BCE, partly on the territory of Iran). Cf. two attempts at explanation of ἀρταῖοι: 1. from the ethnonym Ἀρταῖοι; 2. from Old Persian r̥tāvan- (nom. sg. m. r̥tāva) ‘blessed’, literally ‘partaking of truth (about a worshipper of Ahura Mazda after death)’, Middle Persian ardā ‘righteous, truthful’, ardāw ‘just, righteous; used sometimes as a synonym for the Elect (in Manichaeism)’, Parthian ardāw ‘id.’; hence, ἀρταῖοι would be closely connected with ἀρτάδες.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Brust 2008: 125-127; Kuiper 1976: 32.
","id":"108","name":"ἀρταῖοι","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:05:16.458836+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄρφα <Semitic?/Egyptian?; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉ἄρφα – a gloss with the meaning of ἀρραβών ‘earnest money, deposit, surety, guarantee’ (Hsch. α 7567). Cf. ἀρχά ‘id.’ (Hsch. α 7570).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps a Semitic or Egyptian word – Syriac ʿərāḇā ‘guarantee, surety’, Demotic ꜣrb ‘pledge’, Coptic ⲁⲣⲏⲃ (S, B, F, L, M), (ⲉ)ⲣⲏⲃ (S, B, F), ⲗⲏⲃ (F) ‘id.’; cf. Biblical Hebrew ʿērāḇôn ‘pledge, security’, Imperial Aramaic ʿrbn ‘id.’, Jewish Aramaic Eārəḇônā, Eārəḇôn ‘id.’, etc.; for more, see ἀρραβών. The consonant -χ- in the gloss ἀρχά is unclear. Cf. an old hypothesis that ἄρφα and ἀρχά come from *ἀρρα.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: IV, 327; CD: 15; CDA: 80; CDD: s.v. ꜣrb; CDO: s.v. ⲁⲣⲏⲃ; DCH: VI, 553; DJBA: 880; DJPA: 418; DNWSI: 886; DUL: 179; HALOT: 881; KH: 11; SL: 1134; cf. DG: 7. Ref.: Rosół 2013: 23.
","id":"109","name":"ἄρφα","origin":["egyp","semi"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:05:52.132075+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀρφύτνον <Anatolian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀρφύτνον – ‘a Lydian gloss with the meaning of δίσκος ‘discus’ (Hsch. α 7569).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 7569: ἀρφύτνον· ὁ δίσκος, ὑπὸ Λυδῶν – “arphytnon: discus, (called so) by Lydians”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Lydian word without etymology. A juxtaposition with Hittite ḫarp- ‘to separate and (re)associate oneself, to change allegiance; to join with; etc.’ is semantically unsatisfactory.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Oettinger 2021: 127.
","id":"104","name":"ἀρφύτνον","origin":["anat"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:02:18.829313+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀρχαπέτης see ἀρκαπάτης
","id":"110","name":"ἀρχαπέτης","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:06:18.601096+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄρωμα <Unspecified origin; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄρωμα [⏑-⏑], -ατος n. – ‘a fragrant spice’ (Xen., Anab. 1.5.1; Plb. 13.9.5; etc.).
\r\n\r\n⚠ PME 12: [...] γίνεται δὲ τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ [scil. τῷ ᾿Αρωμάτων ἐμπορίῳ] κασία καὶ γίζειρ καὶ ἀσύφη καὶ ἄρωμα καὶ μάγλα καὶ μοτὼ καὶ λίβανος. – “Its [scil. of the Spice Port situated near the Cape Guardafui in Somalia] products are: cassia, gizeir, asyphe, arōma, magla, motō, frankincense.” (trans. L. Casson); PME 13: [...] τὸ δὲ πλεῖστον ἐν αὐτῇ (scil. Ὀπώνῃ) γεννᾶται κασσία καὶ ἄρωμα καὶ μοτὼ καὶ δουλικὰ κρείσσονα [...] καὶ χελώνη πλείστη καὶ διαφορωτέρα τῆς ἄλλης. – “Its (scil. of Opōnē/Hafun in Somalia) products for the most part are: cassia; arōma; motō; better-quality slaves [...]; tortoise shell in great quantity and finer than any other.” (trans. L. Casson); see also Plb. 13.9.5.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps a foreign word Hellenised under the influence of nouns with the suffix -μα. Cf. some less probable Oriental counterparts previously suggested: 1. Old South Arabian ḥrmt with uncertain meaning in an inscription found in the Sirwah District in Yemen (according to one view, it is a substance burnt on the altar; however, it is more often interpreted as ‘procession’ or ‘sanctuary’); 2. Akkadian armannu(m) ‘branch used as drug; kernel used as perfume’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Bukharin 2012: 186; EDG: 146; Schmeja 1968: 133; W.W. Müller 1978: 442.
","id":"167","name":"ἄρωμα","origin":["orie"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:17:20.463626+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀρῶς <Iranian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀρῶς – a Persian word defined as ἀριθμοῦ ὄνομα, i.e. ‘a name of a number’ (Hsch. α 7607).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 7607: ἀρῶς· ἀριθμοῦ ὄνομα, παρὰ Πέρσαις – “arōs: a name of a number, among Persians”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Persian word without a precisely known meaning and a convincing etymology. According to a hypothesis, ἀριθμός in the gloss means ‘amount’ and, hence, ἀρῶς is connected with Middle Persian harwisp ‘all’ etc.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Brust 2008: 127f.
","id":"111","name":"ἀρῶς","origin":["iran"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:06:52.614249+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀσαραφί <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀσαραφί (vv.ll ἀσαραφη, ἀσαρηφί, ἀσαφιφή) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of ἅλιμος ‘tree purslane (Atriplex halimus L.)’ (Dsc. 1.91 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 1.91 RV: ἅλιμος· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀσφοιί, οἱ δὲ ἀσοντηρί, οἱ δὲ ἀσελλοηρί, οἱ δὲ ἀσαραφί (...). – “Halimos (tree purslane): (...) the Egyptians (call it) asphoii or asontēri or aselloēri or asaraphi (...)”. Cf. ἀσελλοηρί, ἀσοντηρί and ἀσφοιί.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. It is noteworthy that all four synonyms begin with ἀσ-.
","id":"112","name":"ἀσαραφί","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:07:27.110229+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ασαρημωθ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ασαρημωθ (vv.ll. ασσαρημωθ, σαρημωθ) – ‘the fields’ (LXX: Jer. 38(31).40).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew haššəḏēmôṯ, i.e. a plural form of šəḏēmā ‘field, territory’ with the definite article ha-. The consonant -ρ- (vs. Hebrew -ḏ-) is an error due to the similarity of the Hebrew letters ד and ר (cf. βαρ, γεδδουρ).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: VIII, 270; HALOT: 1422f. Ref.: cf. GELS: 65; Simotas 1969: 31.
","id":"168","name":"ασαρημωθ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:18:01.196964+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀσγάνδης see ἀστάνδης
","id":"113","name":"ἀσγάνδης","origin":[],"period":[],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:07:56.197538+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ασελισι <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ασελισι (vv.ll. ασαλιηλ, ασελεισηλ, ασελισηλ, σαλαθιηλ) – ‘the third’ (LXX: Jer. 45(38).14).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew haššəlîšî, i.e. šəlîšî ‘third’ with the definite article ha-.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: VIII, 393-395; HALOT: 1527. Ref.: GELS: 66; Simotas 1969: 34f.
","id":"169","name":"ασελισι","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:18:42.275581+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀσελλοηρί <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀσελλοηρί (a conjecture; mss.: ἀσελλοηρη, ἀσελοηρί, ἀσεαλονρί) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of ἅλιμος ‘tree purslane (Atriplex halimus L.)’ (Dsc. 1.91 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 1.91 RV: ἅλιμος· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀσφοιί, οἱ δὲ ἀσοντηρί, οἱ δὲ ἀσελλοηρί, οἱ δὲ ἀσαραφί (...). – “Halimos (tree purslane): (...) the Egyptians (call it) asphoii or asontēri or aselloēri or asaraphi (...)”. Cf. ἀσαραφί, ἀσοντηρί and ἀσφοιί.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"114","name":"ἀσελλοηρί","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:08:25.763890+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ασιδα <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ασιδα (cj. in Hsch. α 7667, ms.: ἀσιδον) – ‘stork (or heron)’ (LXX: Jer. 8.7; Job. 39.13; ), ἀσίδα ‘ostrich’ (Cyrill. α 1088), ‘heron’ (Hsch. α 7667).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew ḥăsîḏā ‘stork (or heron)’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: III, 283; HALOT: 337. Ref.: Arnott 2007: 28; EDG: 148; GELS: 66; Simotas 1969: 35f.
","id":"170","name":"ασιδα","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:19:20.423656+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀσκός <Semitic?; Archaic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀσκός m. – ‘leather sack for liquids, wineskin’ (Hom., Il. 3.247; Hom., Od. 5.265, 6.78, 9.196; etc.).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps a distorted Semitic word – Akkadian ziqqu ‘wineskin’ (from Aramaic), Imperial Aramaic zq ‘skin used to transport wine, oil, etc.’, Jewish Aramaic zîqqā, zyq ‘id.’, Syriac zeqqā ‘water skin’, etc. It is difficult to explain the differences in terms of phonetics: a metathesis zVq- → ἀσκ- ?; cf. ἀξίνη, ἀρσενικός, ἄσφαλτος. Cf. other etymologies: 1. related to Sanskrit atka- ‘armour, mail, garment’ etc.; 2. compared to Hsch. μ 911: †μέσκος· κώδιον, δέρμα. Νίκανδρος (cf. Nic., Th. 549: πέσκος, as well as Hsch. π 2016 and Phot. π 812); ἀ- from *m̥-; 3. juxtaposed with νάκος n. ‘fleece’ etc.; 4. from *ἀγ-σκός, compared to ἀγέλη f. ‘herd’; 5. from *ϝαρσκός, related to Sanskrit vraścana- ‘cutting, wounding, a cut, incision’, pra-vraska- ‘a cut’, etc.; 6. both ἀσκός and ἀσπίς f. ‘shield’ from *ϝασ-, connected with Mycenaean wao (dual.) with an unclear meaning (allegedly ‘shield’ < ‘leather’); 7. a substrate word (related to Basque aska ‘drinking trough, trough, manger’); 8. a Pre-Greek word (compared to φάσκωλος m. / φάσκωλον n. ‘leathern bag’); 9. from Semitic or Egyptian: Akkadian saqqu(m) ‘sack, sackcloth’, Biblical Hebrew śaq ‘sack, sackcloth (worn in mourning)’ etc., or Egyptian sꜣq, sq ‘sack’, Coptic ⲥⲟⲕ (S, B), ⲥⲱⲕ (S, B), ⲥⲁⲕ (S) ‘sack, sackcloth, bag’ (cf. σάκκος).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: XXI, 129; CDA: 448; DJBA: 411; DJPA: 176; DNWSI: 339; SL: 393. Ref.: Rosół 2013: 24-26; cf. Bernal 1987-2006: III, 138; Bury 1883: 81; DELG: 125; EDG: 151; Furnée 1972: 241; GEW: I, 165; Hubschmid 1955: 80f.; Mayrhofer 1957; Petersson 1923: 15; Taillardat 1960: 13f.; Thieme 1953: 579.
","id":"115","name":"ἀσκός","origin":["semi"],"period":["arch"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:09:05.613256+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀσοήθ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀσοήθ (vv.ll. ἀσοηθ, ἀσόνθ) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of ἀρνόγλωσσον ‘plantain (Plantago major L.)’ (Dsc. 2.126 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 2.126 RV: ἀρνόγλωσσον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀσοήθ (...). – “Arnoglōsson (plantain): (...) the Egyptians (call it) asoēth (...)”. Cf. the Egyptian glosses in Ps.-Apul., Herb. 1: asaer ‘id.’ and thetarion ‘id.’.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. Cf. an old hypothesis: from the Egyptian jsw prob. ‘reed’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Wiedemann 1883: 14.
","id":"116","name":"ἀσοήθ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:09:40.827319+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀσοντηρί <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀσοντηρί (v.l. ἀσοντιρί) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of ἅλιμος ‘tree purslane (Atriplex halimus L.)’ (Dsc. 1.91 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 1.91 RV: ἅλιμος· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀσφοιί, οἱ δὲ ἀσοντηρί, οἱ δὲ ἀσελλοηρί, οἱ δὲ ἀσαραφί (...). – “Halimos (tree purslane): (...) the Egyptians (call it) asphoii or asontēri or aselloēri or asaraphi (...)”. Cf. ἀσαραφί, ἀσελλοηρί and ἀσφοιί.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"117","name":"ἀσοντηρί","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:10:27.060948+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀσοῦρ <Semitic; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀσοῦρ – a Phoenician gloss with the meaning of κρατήρ ‘crater, mixing vessel, large bowl’ (Hsch. α 7736; EM 155. 34).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 7736 (= EM 155. 34): ἀσοῦρ· κρατήρ, ὑπὸ Φοινίκων – “asur: crater, (called so) by Phoenicians”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Phoenician word without etymology.
","id":"118","name":"ἀσοῦρ","origin":["semi"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:11:00.554540+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ασπιπιδου <Iranian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ασπιπιδου (gen. sg.) m. – an Iranian title in the Sassanian Empire ‘chief of cavalry’ (ŠKZ 61: 3rd c. CE).
\r\n\r\n⚠ ŠKZ is a trilingual (i.e. Middle Persian, Parthian, and Greek) inscription of Shapur I written on the walls of the Ka’ba-ye Zartosht (Cube of Zoroaster) in Naqsh-e Rustam (ca. 12 km from Persepolis).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of a Middle Iranian title – Greek ασπιπιδου (v. 61) = Middle Persian ʾsppt (v. 31) = Parthian ʾsppty (v. 25) ‘chief of cavalry’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: GIPP: 17 and 47. Ref.: Brust 2008: 128f.; EIr: s.v. Aspbed.
","id":"119","name":"ασπιπιδου","origin":["iran"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:11:37.522045+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀσσαρῶν <Semitic; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀσσαρῶν, gen. -ῶνος, or ἀσσάρων, gen. -ωνος, m. – ‘a Jewish measure of capacity (= 1 omer = 1 tenth of ephah, i.e. ~ 4 litres)’ (Jos., AJ 3.29, 3.30, 3.233 etc.), indecl. ἀσσάρων (Jos., AJ 3.142), also ἐσσάρων, gen. -ωνος (Jos., AJ 8.92); according to Jos., AJ 3.142, the assarōn is equal to 7 Attic kotylai, i.e. 1.91 litres (1 kotylē = 0.273 litres). Cf. γομορ 1.
\r\n\r\n⚠ Cf. Jos., AJ 3.142: (...) δύο ἀσσάρων, ὃ μέτρον ῾Εβραίων ἑπτὰ κοτύλας ᾿Αττικὰς ἔχει. – “(...) 2 assarōn, which measure of the Hebrews has (a capacity of) 7 kotylai”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 A Hebrew word – Biblical Hebrew ʿiśśārôn ‘one tenth (of an ephah)’; cf. Jewish Aramic ʿeśrôn ‘id.’, Syriac ʿesron ‘tenth part, grain measure’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: VI, 612f.; DJPA: 422; HALOT: 895; SL: 1121. Ref.: Norton 2011: 71.
","id":"120","name":"ἀσσαρῶν","origin":["semi"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:12:18.544976+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀστάνδης <Iranian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀστάνδης, -ου m. – ‘messenger, courier’ (Plut., Vitae: Alex. 18.7 and 8 (cj. in both occurrences; in all mss.: ἀσγάνδης); Plut., Mor. 326e and 340b-c; etc.); the original form was ἀσγάνδης; the consonant -τ- must be explained rather as a miswriting (ΑΣΤ- instead of ΑΣΓ-) that had happened already in antiquity. Similarly, the form τοὺς ἀστάρους (Ath. 3.122a/94), commonly emended to τοὺς ἀστ<άνδας ἢ ἀγγ>άρους, is probably an early distortion of ἀγγάρους (a lapsus calami of ΑΣΤΑ- instead of ΑΓΓΑ-). Cf. Hsch. α 7683: †ἀσκανδής· ἄγγελος – “askantes: messenger”; this gloss might be a result of a misunderstanding of an earlier source where ἀσγάνδης/ἀστάνδης ‘messenger’ and ἀσκάντης ‘pallet’ were compared (cf. Hsch. α 7814, quoted below).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Ael. Dion. α 16 (cf. Eust., Comm. ad Hom. Od., vol. II, p. 189.5f.): ἄγγαροι· οἱ ἐκ διαδοχῆς γραμματοφόροι. οἱ δ’ αὐτοί καὶ ἀστάνδαι. ἡ δὲ λέξις Περσική (...) – “Angaroi: the letter carriers in relays. They are the same as astandai. A Persian word (...)”; Suda α 4220: Ἀστάνδαι: οἱ ἐκ διαδοχῆς γραμματοφόροι. οἱ δὲ αὐτοὶ καὶ ἄγγαροι. τὰ δὲ ὀνόματα Περσικά. – “Astandai: the letter carriers in relays. They are the same as angaroi. Both are Persian words.”, and α 165 (= Phot. α 95): Ἄγγαροι: οἱ ἐκ διαδοχῆς γραμματοφόροι. οἱ δὲ αὐτοὶ καὶ ἀστάνδαι. τὰ δὲ ὀνόματα Περσικά. (...) – “Angaroi: the letter carriers in relays. They are the same as astandai. Both are Persian words. (...)”. Furthermore, ἀστάνδης in Plut., Vitae: Alex. 18.7 and 8, as well as in Plut., Mor. 326e and 340b-c, is closely connected with the Achaemenid administration. But cf. Hsch. α 7814: ἀστάνδης· ἡμεροδρόμος. ἢ κράββαττον. ἢ ἄγγελον. Ταραντῖνοι – “astandes: long-distance courier. Or pallet. Or messenger. Tarentians” (with a case change to accusative in the second part of the definition); it is likely that two words blended together in one gloss, i.e. ἀστάνδης ‘messenger’ and ἀσκάντης ‘pallet’ (perhaps the ethnonym Tarentians refers to ἀσκάντης).
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Iranian loanword – Middle Persian and Parthian ižgand ‘messenger’, Sogdian (a)žγand, (ɔ)žγand, ž(i)γant ‘messenger’. The Iranian term was borrowed into Semitic: Jewish Aramaic ʾîzgaddā, ʾzgd ‘messenger’, Syriac izgandā and izgaddā ‘id.’, Mandaic ašganda ‘helper, assistant, servant; the Messenger’. Greek ἀσγάνδης (later ἀστάνδης) goes back to Old Persian *zganda- or early Middle Persian/early Parthian *žgand- (or *zgand-) with an original meaning of ‘mounted messenger’ (derived from the Proto-Iranian root *zga(n)d- ‘to go on, gallop, mount’; cf. Young Avestan zgaδ(/θ)- ‘to go on horseback, gallop’ etc.). The initial ἀ- in ἀσγάνδης is a prothetic vowel, added to *σγάνδης; cf. σαγγάνδης. It is noteworthy that ἀσγάνδης exhibits some different features from its counterparts in Semitic: Jewish Aramaic ʾîzgaddā and Syriac izgandā/izgaddā originated in Middle Persian or Parthian ižgand (with the prothetic vowel i-), whereas Mandaic ašganda was probably borrowed from Parthian *əžgand (with the prothetic vowel ə-). Some scholars have wrongly adduced other Iranian and Semitic words for ‘messenger’ to explain -τ- in the form ἀστάνδης: Middle Persian and Parthian azdegar ‘messenger, herald’, Sogdian āzdakrē ‘announcer, herald’, Official Aramaic ʾzdkrʾ (emph.) ‘inspector’ (commonly treated as an Iranian word with the original meaning of ‘herald’) and Arabic askdār ‘messenger, courier’ (with a metathesis). Cf. some other Oriental words quoted in the context of ἀστάνδης/ἀσγάνδης: 1. Akkadian (Neo-Babylonian) Ašgandu (not ašgandu), attested only as a family name (its original meaning of ‘messenger’ is based on a comparison especially with Mandaic ašganda); 2. Jewish Aramaic ʾysqwndry (pl.) ‘a game played with tokens (a kind of chess?)’; 3. Armenian astandel ‘to lead about, to lead up and down, to walk about’ or astandil ‘to rove, to ramble, to wander’; 4. Sogdian əstānīk ‘messenger’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DChSSE: 240; DJBA: 112; DJPA: 43; DMMPP: 85; EDIV: 473f.; MD: 40; SL: 32f.; SogdD: 91, 458f.; cf. AiW: 1698. Ref.: EDG: 149; Happ 1962; Huyse 1990: 95f.; Huyse 1993: 276f.; ILS: 105f.; Mancini 1995-96: 213; Rosół 2021; Schmid 1962.
","id":"121","name":"ἀστάνδης","origin":["iran"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:13:02.434603+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀστερίσπα <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀστερίσπα – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of πράσιον ‘horehound (Marrubium peregrinum L. or M. vulgare L.)’ (Dsc. 3.105 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 3.105 RV: πράσιον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀστερίσπα (...). – “Prasion (horehound): (...) the Egyptians (call it) asterispa (...)”. Cf. the Egyptian gloss in Ps.-Apul., Herb. 45: asteritam (vv.ll. asterion, asetepan/aseterpan) ‘id.’; moreover, cf. asteritam ‘id.’ (Ps.-Orib., De simpl. 1.32), but without an ethnonym.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"122","name":"ἀστερίσπα","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:13:36.394804+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀσύφη <Unspecified origin; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀσύφη (v.l. in Dsc. 1.13: ἀσυφήμων) f. – ‘a kind of cassia’ (PME 12; Dsc. 1.13).
\r\n\r\n⚠ PME 12: [...] γίνεται δὲ τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ [scil. τῷ ᾿Αρωμάτων ἐμπορίῳ] κασία καὶ γίζειρ καὶ ἀσύφη καὶ ἄρωμα καὶ μάγλα καὶ μοτὼ καὶ λίβανος. – “The port of trade [scil. the Spice Port situated near the Cape Guardafui in Somalia] likewise offers a market for the aforementioned. Its products are: cassia, gizeir, asyphe, arōma, magla, motō, frankincense.” (trans. L. Casson); see also Dsc. 1.13.
\r\n\r\n🅔 The origin is unclear. According to one view, ἀσύφη is connected with Old South Arabian ṭyb ‘kind of incense’, Mehri ṭayf ‘aloes, myrrh; bitterness’, etc.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Bukharin 2012: 186.
","id":"171","name":"ἀσύφη","origin":["orie"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:20:03.890698+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄσφαλτος <Semitic; Archaic?/Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄσφαλτος f. (rarely m.) – ‘bitumen’ (Alc. 124.7 ([ἀ]σ̣φάλτω); Hdt. 1.179, 4.195, 6.119; etc.), ‘pitch’ (LXX: Gen. 6.14), ἄσφαλτος ὑγρά f. ‘a kind of petroleum’ (Dsc. 1.73), also ἄσφαλτον n. ‘bitumen’ (Hp., De aër. 7; Ti. Locr. 99c); cf. a writing with π: gen. sg. ἀσπάλτου (Edict. Diocl. 36.117: 4th c. CE). Concerning the gender, see Gal. 13.784: ἡ ἄσφαλτος ἢ ὁ ἄσφαλτος, ὁποτέρως ἂν ἐθέλῃς καλεῖν, and Gal. 14.84: ἡ ἄσφαλτος, ἢ ὥς τινες ἀρρενικῶς ὁ ἄσφαλτος. Cf. ἀσφαλτόω ‘to smear with pitch’ (LXX: Gen. 6.14), ἀσφαλτόπισσα f. ‘compound of asphalt and pitch’ (LXX: Ex. 2.3), πισσάσφαλτος f. ‘id.’ (Dsc. 1.73).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hdt. 1.179 mentions bitumen as a material used for cement in Babylon and reports: ῎Εστι δὲ ἄλλη πόλις ἀπέχουσα ὀκτὼ ἡμερέων ὁδὸν ἀπὸ Βαβυλῶνος· ῍Ις οὔνομα αὐτῇ. ῎Ενθα ἐστὶ ποταμὸς οὐ μέγας· ῍Ις καὶ τῷ ποταμῷ τὸ οὔνομα· ἐσβάλλει δὲ οὗτος ἐς τὸν Εὐφρήτην ποταμὸν τὸ ῥέεθρον. Οὗτος ὦν ὁ ῍Ις ποταμὸς ἅμα τῷ ὕδατι θρόμβους ἀσφάλτου ἀναδιδοῖ πολλούς, ἔνθεν ἡ ἄσφαλτος ἐς τὸ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι τεῖχος ἐκομίσθη. – “There is another city, called Is, eight days’ journey from Babylon, where is a little river, also named Is, a tributary stream of the river Euphrates; from the source of this river Is rise with the water many gouts of bitumen; and from thence the bitumen was brought for the wall of Babylon.” (trans. A.D. Godley); moreover, Hdt. 6.119 describes a special well in Susiana: Καὶ γὰρ ἄσφαλτον καὶ ἅλας καὶ ἔλαιον ἀρύσσονται ἐξ αὐτοῦ τρόπῳ τοιῷδε· ἀντλέεται μὲν κηλωνηίῳ, ἀντὶ δὲ γαυλοῦ ἥμισυ ἀσκοῦ οἱ προσδέδεται· ὑποτύψας δὲ τούτῳ ἀντλέει καὶ ἔπειτα ἐγχέει ἐς δεξαμενήν· ἐκ δὲ ταύτης ἐς ἄλλο διαχεόμενον τρέπεται τριφασίας ὁδούς· καὶ ἡ μὲν ἄσφαλτος καὶ οἱ ἅλες πήγνυνται παραυτίκα, τὸ δὲ ἔλαιον ... οἱ Πέρσαι καλέουσι τοῦτο ῥαδινάκην· ἔστι δὲ μέλαν καὶ ὀδμὴν παρεχόμενον βαρέαν. – “(...) whence men bring up asphalt and salt and oil. This is the manner of their doing it: a windlass is used in the drawing, with half a skin made fast to it in place of a bucket; therewith he that draws dips into the well, and then pours into a tank, whence what is drawn is poured into another tank, and goes three ways; the asphalt and the salt grow forthwith solid; the oil, which the Persians call rhadinake, is dark and evil-smelling.” (trans. A.D. Godley); D.S. 2.12.1-2: Πολλῶν δὲ καὶ παραδόξων ὄντων θεαμάτων κατὰ τὴν Βαβυλωνίαν οὐχ ἥκιστα θαυμάζεται καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῆς ἐν αὐτῇ γεννωμένης ἀσφάλτου· τοσοῦτον γάρ ἐστιν ὥστε μὴ μόνον ταῖς τοσαύταις καὶ τηλικαύταις οἰκοδομίαις διαρκεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ συλλεγόμενον τὸν λαὸν ἐπὶ τὸν τόπον ἀφειδῶς ἀρύεσθαι καὶ ξηραίνοντα κάειν ἀντὶ ξύλων. ἀναριθμήτων δὲ πηγῆς μεγάλης ἀκέραιον διαμένει τὸ πλήρωμα. – “Although the sights to be seen in Babylonia are many and singular, not the least wonderful is the enormous amount of bitumen which the country produces; so great is the supply of this that it not only suffices for their buildings, which are numerous and large, but the common people also, gathering at the place, draw it out without any restriction, and drying it burn it in place of wood. And countless as is the multitude of men who draw it out, the amount remains undiminished, as if derived from some immense source.” (trans. C.H. Oldfather); D.S. 2.48.6-8: (scil. ἔστιν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῶν Ναβαταίων) λίμνη τε μεγάλη φέρουσα πολλὴν ἄσφαλτον, ἐξ ἧς λαμβάνουσιν οὐκ ὀλίγας προσόδους. αὕτη δ' ἔχει τὸ μὲν μῆκος σταδίων ὡς πεντακοσίων, τὸ δὲ πλάτος ὡς ἑξήκοντα, τὸ δ' ὕδωρ δυσῶδες καὶ διάπικρον, ὥστε μὴ δύνασθαι μήτ' ἰχθῦν τρέφειν μήτ' ἄλλο τῶν καθ' ὕδατος εἰωθότων ζῴων εἶναι. (...) ἐξ αὑτῆς δὲ μέσης κατ' ἐνιαυτὸν ἐκφυσᾷ ἀσφάλτου μέγεθος ποτὲ μὲν μεῖζον ἢ τρίπλεθρον, ἔστι δ' ὅτε δυοῖν πλέθρων· (...) ἐπιπλεούσης δὲ τῆς ἀσφάλτου πελαγίας ὁ τύπος φαίνεται τοῖς ἐξ ἀποστήματος θεωροῦσιν οἱονεὶ νῆσος. – “And a large lake is also there (scil. in the land of the Nabataeans) which produces asphalt in abundance, and from it they derive not a little revenue. It has a length of about five hundred stades and a width of about sixty, and its water is so ill-smelling and so very bitter that it cannot support fish or any of the other animals which commonly live in water. (...) and from its centre it spouts forth once a year a great mass of asphalt, which sometimes extends for more than three plethra, and sometimes for only two; (...) Since the asphalt floats on the surface of the lake, to those who view it from a distance it takes the appearance of an island.” (trans. C.H. Oldfather); Dsc. 1.73: ἄσφαλτος διαφέρει ἡ ᾿Ιουδαικὴ τῆς λοιπῆς. ἔστι δὲ καλὴ ἡ πορφυροειδῶς στίλβουσα, εὔτονος τῇ ὀσμῇ καὶ βαρεῖα, ἡ δὲ μέλαινα καὶ ῥυπώδης φαύλη· δολοῦται γὰρ πίσσης μειγνυμένης. γεννᾶται δὲ καὶ ἐν Φοινίκῃ καὶ ἐν Σιδῶνι καὶ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι καὶ ἐν Ζακύνθῳ· γίνεται δὲ καὶ κατὰ τὴν ᾿Ακραγαντίνων χώρων τῆς Σικελίας ὑγρὸν ἐπινηχόμενον ταῖς κρήναις, ᾧ χρῶνται εἰς τοὺς λύχνους ἀντὶ ἐλαίου, καλοῦντες αὐτὸ Σικελὸν ἔλαιον πλανώμενοι· ἔστι γὰρ ἀσφάλτου ὑγρᾶς εἶδος. – “Asphalt from Judea far surpasses the rest. It is of fine quality when shining purple, lively in scent, and heavy; but that which is black and dirty is poor, for it is adulterated mixing it with pitch. It is produced also in Phoenicia, Sidon, Babylon, and Zacynthos. Up and down the land of the Agrigentes of Sicily a liquid floats on wells, which people use in their lamps instead of oil and which they incorrectly call a Sicilian oil, for it is a type of liquid asphalt.” (trans. L.Y. Beck). Furthermore, cf. the expression ἄσφαλτος ᾿Ιουδαϊκή (Gal. 13.536, 560, 781).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Probably a Semitic loanword – Akkadian zibtu or ziptu ‘pitch (also bitumen?)’ (from Aramaic), Biblical Hebrew zep̄eṯ ‘pitch’, Jewish Aramaic zpt, zip̄tā ‘id.’, Samaritan Aramaic zpt ‘id.’, Syriac zeptā ‘id.’, Geʿez zəft ‘resin, pitch, bitumen’, Arabic zift ‘pitch, asphalt’. In Greek, a metathesis *zVp̄- → ἀσφ- took place; cf. ἀξίνη, ἀρσενικóν. The liquid λ /l/ is secondary, added before a dental consonant; cf. βάλσαμον, μάνδαλος. It is worth noting that ἄσφαλτος is generally of feminine gender like its Semitic counterparts. As regards the meaning, pitch and bitumen were used for the same purposes and often mixed together; cf. ἀσφαλτόπισσα and πισσάσφαλτος, as well as German Erdpech ‘bitumen’. According to the most widespread hypothesis, ἄσφαλτος is a verbal adjective of σφάλλω ‘to make to fall, to cause to fall’ (with the privative ἀ-); ἄσφαλτος would denote a material protecting walls from tumbling down’. Other hypothesis: 1. a substrate word; 2. a Semitic word connected with Arabic ṯufl ‘dregs, lees, sediment; residues’ (quoted as ṯāfil).
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CAD: XXI, 104 (zibtu ‘pitch’); CDA: 448 (ziptu ‘pitch, bitumen’); CDG: 632; CHD: III, 129; DJBA: 410f.; DJPA: 181; DMWA: 378; DSA: 238; HALOT: 277; SL: 392. Ref.: Rosół 2013: 26-28; cf. DELG: 130; Diels 1916: 207-210; EDG: 159; GEW: I, 174; Lewy 1895: 53.
","id":"124","name":"ἄσφαλτος","origin":["semi"],"period":["arch","clas"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:15:11.628033+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀσφοιί <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀσφοιί (vv.ll. ἀσφοιη, ἄσφη) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of ἅλιμος ‘tree purslane (Atriplex halimus L.)’ (Dsc. 1.91 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 1.91 RV: ἅλιμος· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀσφοιί, οἱ δὲ ἀσοντηρί, οἱ δὲ ἀσελλοηρί, οἱ δὲ ἀσαραφί (...). – “Halimos (tree purslane): (...) the Egyptians (call it) asphoii or asontēri or aselloēri or asaraphi (...)”. Cf. ἀσαραφί, ἀσελλοηρί and ἀσοντηρί.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"125","name":"ἀσφοιί","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:16:24.296002+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀσφός <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀσφός (v.l. ἄσφος) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of βαλλωτή ‘black horehound (Ballota nigra L.)’ (Dsc. 3.103 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 3.103 RV: βαλλωτή ἢ μελαμπράσιον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀσφός, οἱ δὲ ἐσκί (...). – “Ballōtē ē melamprasion (black horehound): (...) the Egyptians (call it) asphos or eski (...)”. Cf. ἐσκί.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"126","name":"ἀσφός","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:16:58.078829+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄσχυ <Unspecified origin; Classical period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄσχυ n. – ‘inspissated juice of the fruit of the “Pontic tree”, i.e., perhaps, bird-cherry (Prunus padus L.)’ (Hdt. 4.23) and ‘a substance distilled from a tree’ (Theognost., Can. 79.12).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hdt. 4.23 reports that a tribe in Scythia (however, speaking a language different from Scythian) produces a fruit juice named aschy: Ποντικὸν μὲν οὔνομα τῷ δενδρέῳ ἀπ' οὗ ζώουσι, μέγαθος δὲ κατὰ συκέην μάλιστά κῃ· καρπὸν δὲ φορέει κυάμῳ ἴσον, πυρῆνα δὲ ἔχει. Τοῦτο ἐπεὰν γένηται πέπον, σακκέουσι ἱματίοισι, ἀπορρέει δὲ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ παχὺ καὶ μέλαν, οὔνομα δὲ τῷ ἀπορρέοντί ἐστι ἄσχυ· τοῦτο καὶ λείχουσι καὶ γάλακτι συμμίσγοντες πίνουσι, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς παχύτητος αὐτοῦ τῆς τρυγὸς παλάθας συντιθεῖσι καὶ ταύτας σιτέονται. – “The tree wherefrom they live is called ‘Pontic’; it is about the size of a fig-tree, and bears a fruit as big as a bean, with a stone in it. When this fruit is ripe, they strain it through cloth, and a thick black liquid flows from it, which they call aschy; they lick this up or mix it with milk for drinking, and of the thickest of the lees of it they make cakes, and eat them” (trans. A.D. Godley). Cf. Onasicritus (4th/3rd c. BCE) in: Plin., NH 12.34: Onesicritus tradit in Hyrcaniae convallibus fico similes esse arbores quae vocentur occhi, ex quibus defluat mel horis matutinis duabus. – “Onesicritus reports that in the valleys of Hyrcania there are trees resembling the fig, named occhus-trees, which for two hours every morning drip honey” (trans. H. Rackham); Hyrcania was a region located in the South-East of the Caspian Sea (today part of Iran and Turkmenistan).
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Oriental word without etymology. Cf. an unlikely juxtaposition with Tatar ačy, äče ‘bitter, sour’ and Bashkir asy, äse ‘id.’ (quoted with an alleged meaning ‘sour cherry juice’).
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Asheri – Lloyd – Corcella 2007: 598; Členova 1983: 55.
","id":"127","name":"ἄσχυ","origin":["orie"],"period":["clas"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:17:32.661257+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀταστίται <Egyptian?; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀταστίται, gen. -ῶν, pl. m. – prob. ‘a cultic group’ (UPZ 1 98.20, 44 and 99: 2nd c. BCE).
\r\n\r\n⚠ This word occurs only in papyri from Egypt.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps an Egyptian loanword.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Mayser – Schmoll 1970: 27; Torallas Tovar 2004: 180.
","id":"128","name":"ἀταστίται","origin":["egyp"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:18:23.418398+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀττάλη <Phrygian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀττάλη – a Phrygian gloss with the meaning of φόρυξις perh. ‘defilement’ (Hsch α 8184); the word φόρυξις (cj.; ms.: φάρυξις) is not attested elsewhere; cf. φορύσσω ‘to defile, to stain; to mix’. Cf. ἀτταλαγόω ‘to stain, to defile’ (Hsch. α 8179).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 8184: ἀττάλη· φόρυξις, ὑπὸ Φρυγῶν – “attalē: defilement, (called so) by Phrygians”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Perhaps a Phrygian word.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: Sowa 2008: 47; cf. Diakonoff – Neroznak 1985: 95.
","id":"172","name":"ἀττάλη","origin":["phry"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:20:42.645851+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄτωρ <Egyptian; Early Byzantine period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄτωρ – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of μελία ‘ash tree (Fraxinus L.)’ (Hsch. α 8213).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Hsch. α 8213: ἄτωρ· ἡ μελία, ὑπὸ Αἰγυπτίων – “atōr: ash tree, (called so) by the Egyptians”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. It is unlikely that the gloss is connected with Egyptian ṯr.t ‘willow’, Demotic tr.t ‘id.’, Coptic ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (S), ⲑⲱⲣⲉ (B) ‘id.’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Fournet 1989: 75; Torallas Tovar 2004: 180.
","id":"129","name":"ἄτωρ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["earl"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:19:12.875435+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀφλοφώ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀφλοφώ (v.l. ἀφλοφο) and ἀφλοφώ (a conjecture; mss.: ἀλλοφώ, ἀλλοφή) – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of λινόζωστις ‘mercury (Mercurialis annua L.)’ (Dsc. 4.189 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 4.189 RV: λινόζωστις ἄρρην· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀφλοφώ, οἱ δὲ Ἑρμοῦ βασίλειον (...). – “Linodzōstis arrēn (male version of mercury): (...) the Egyptians (call it) aphlophō or Hermu basileion (‘diadem of Hermes’) (...)” and λινόζωστις θήλεια· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀφλοφώ (...). – “Linodzōstis thēleia (female version of mercury): (...) the Egyptians (call it) aphlophō (...)”. Cf. the Egyptian gloss in Ps.-Apul., Herb. 83 (app. crit.): altof ‘id.’.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"130","name":"ἀφλοφώ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:19:46.709570+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀφόν <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀφόν – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of σκόρδιον ‘garlic germander (Teucrium scordium L.)’ (Dsc. 3.111 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 3.111 RV: σκόρδιον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀφόν (...). – “Skordion (garlic germander): (...) the Egyptians (call it) aphon (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology. Cf. an old hypothesis: from the Egyptian ꜥfꜣ ‘a plant’, perh. ‘yellow melilot (Melilotus officinalis L.)’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Wiedemann 1883: 15.
","id":"131","name":"ἀφόν","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:20:17.561499+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αφφουσωθ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αφφουσωθ (vv.ll. απφουσωθ, αφφουσιων) – probably ‘isolation (on account of leprosy)’ (LXX: 2 Reg. 15.5; 2 Chr. 26.21).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew ḥop̄šîṯ / ḥop̄šûṯ perh. ‘freedom (an euphemistic usage for isolation on account of leprosy)’. The vocalisation of αφφουσωθ differs much from the Masoretic.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: III, 290f.; HALOT: 342. Ref.: GELS: 74; Simotas 1969: 36f.
","id":"173","name":"αφφουσωθ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:21:19.580062+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αφφω 1 <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αφφω – ‘even he’ (LXX: 2 Reg. 2.14).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew ʾap̄-hûʾ ‘even he’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: I, 352f.; HALOT: 76. Ref.: GELS: 74; Simotas 1969: 37.
","id":"174","name":"αφφω 1","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:21:56.042492+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αφφω 2 <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αφφω – ‘then’ (LXX: 2 Reg. 10.10).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of Biblical Hebrew ʾēp̄ôʾ ‘then’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: I, 357; HALOT: 78. Ref.: GELS: 74; Simotas 1969: 37.
","id":"175","name":"αφφω 2","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2023-02-07T19:22:31.616718+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄχι <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄχι, dat. sg. ἄχει, n. – ‘a marsh plant (grass, reed or sedge)’ (LXX: Gen. 41.2 and 18, Is. 19.7, Sir. 40.16), as well as ἄχι (indecl.) n. prob. ‘id.’ (PMG IV 1091 and 1101); cf. also Hsch. α 8876: ἇχι· ὅπου. ἢ χόρτῳ χλωρῷ – “hachi: where. Or green fodder (dat.)”.
\r\n\r\n⚠ Cf. Hieronym., Comm. in Esaiam 19.5-11: Cumque ab eruditis quaererem, quid hie sermo (scil. achi) significaret, audivi ab Aegyptiis hoc nomine lingua eorum omne quod in palude virens nascitur appellari. – “And when I asked some learned people what this word (scil. achi) means, I heard that the Egyptians in their language call so all plants growing in marsh.”
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian loanword – Egyptian ꜣḫ ‘thicket of papyrus’, ꜣḫy ‘kind of plants’ (prob. the same meaning as ꜣḫ), Demotic ꜣẖy ‘thicket of reed’; but note that the Coptic forms ⲁϧⲓ (B) and ⲁⲭⲓ (B) ‘marsh herbage, sedge’ are rather only transliterations of Greek ἄχι. The Egyptian word was also borrowed into Biblical Hebrew as ʾāḥû ‘a marsh plant, sedge’ which is translated as ἄχι in LXX: Gen. 41.2 and 18; cf. also Old Aramaic ʾḥw prob. ‘grass’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: CD: 25; CDD: s.v. ꜣẖy; CDO: s.v. ⲁϩⲣ; DCH: I, 183; DG: 10; DLE: I, 8; DNWSI: 35; GHÄD: 13; HALOT: 30f.; KH: 17 and 491; WÄS: I, 18. Ref.: CED: 17; Charpentier 1981: 36f.; DELC: 21; Fournet 1989: 68f.; Lambdin 1953: 146; Vergote 1959: 59-66; cf. Muss-Arnolt 1892: 116, n. 11; Torallas Tovar 2004: 180.
","id":"132","name":"ἄχι","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:20:54.961135+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"αχουχ <Semitic; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αχουχ m. – ‘thistle’ (LXX: 2 Chr. 25.18 2x).
\r\n\r\n🅔 A transliteration of the Hebrew form ha-ḥôaḥ, i.e., ḥôaḥ ‘thorn(s), thistle(s), a thorn-bush; hook’ with the masculine definite article ha; but note that -ου- in the Septuagint is different from the Masoretic vocalisation -ôa-.
\r\n\r\n📖 Data: DCH: III, 170; HALOT: 296. Ref.: GELS: 75.
","id":"133","name":"αχουχ","origin":["semi"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:21:29.186849+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἄχυ <Semitic?; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἄχυ – a name used in Arabia for ‘a kind of cassia’ (Dsc. 1.13).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 1.13: κασσίας δέ ἐστι πλείονα εἴδη περὶ τὴν ἀρωματοφόρον ᾿Αραβίαν γεννώμενα· ἔχει δὲ ῥάβδον παχύφλοιον, φύλλα δὲ ὡς πεπέρεως. ἐκλέγου δὲ τὴν ἔγκιρρον, εὔχρουν, κοραλλίζουσαν, στενήν, λείαν, μακρὰν καὶ παχεῖαν τοῖς συριγγίοις, δηκτικὴν ἐν τῇ γεύσει καὶ στύφουσαν μετὰ ποσῆς πυρώσεως, ἀρωματίζουσαν, οἰνίζουσαν τῇ ὀσμῇ. ἡ δὲ τοιαύτη ὑπὸ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων ἄχυ καλεῖται, δαφνῖτις δὲ προσαγορεύεται ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν ᾿Αλεξανδρείᾳ ἐμπόρων. – “There are many kinds of cassia growing up and down spice-bearing Arabia. It has thick-barked shoots and leaves like those of the pepper. Choose it pale-yellow, healthy looking, resembling coral, narrow, smooth, long and thick-quilled, pungent in taste and astringent, somewhat burning, spicy, and smelling of wine. This kind of cassia is called by the locals achy and by the merchants in Alexandria daphnitis.” (trans. L.Y. Beck).
\r\n\r\n🅔 Without etymology. It is semantically unlikely that ἄχυ is connected to Biblical Hebrew ʾāḥû ‘a marsh plant (grass, reed or sedge)’; cf. ἄχι.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Muss-Arnolt 1892: 116, n. 11.
","id":"134","name":"ἄχυ","origin":["semi"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:22:15.811335+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀψαφέρ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀψαφέρ – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of σφονδύλιον ‘cow parsnip (Heracleum sphondylium L.)’ (Dsc. 3.76 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 3.76 RV: σφονδύλιον· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι ἀψαφέρ (...). – “Sphondylion (cow parsnip): (...) the Egyptians (call it) apsapher (...)”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
","id":"135","name":"ἀψαφέρ","origin":["egyp"],"period":["roma"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:22:50.897699+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"},{"definition":"ἀωΐλιον <Egyptian; Hellenistic period>
\r\n\r\n👉 ἀωΐλιον n. – ‘a measure of capacity in Egypt (especially used to measure earth and sand)’ (P.Petr. 2.4_11.4: 3rd c. BCE; P.Petr. 2.36_1,1.2, 15, 17 etc.: 3rd c. BCE; P.Cair.Zen. 4 59745.61: 3rd c. BCE; etc.) with some variants: ἀοΐλιον (P.Cair.Zen. 5 59848.5, 21: 3rd c. BCE), ἀγωΐλιον (PSI 4 423.6-7, 8, 11: 3rd c. BCE), αὐωΐλιον (P.Petr. 3.45_2.7 = 2.36_2.7: 3rd c. BCE; P.Petr. 3.45_4.2: 3rd c. BCE). Cf. also the derivative ἀωϊλιαστής, -οῦ m. ‘labourer (excavator of earth)’ (P.Cair.Zen. 4 59745.58: 3rd c. BCE).
\r\n\r\n⚠ This measure occurs only in papyri from Egypt.
\r\n\r\n🅔 Probably an Egyptian word, but its etymology is unknown. Cf. a hypothesis that ἀωΐλιον comes from Egyptian ꜥḥꜥ ‘heap (of offerings, grain, treasures), multitude, whole, property, store, portion’, Coptic ⲁϩⲟ (S, B), ⲁϩⲁ (F, M), ⲁϩⲟⲣ (B), ⲉϩⲟ (A, L), ⲉϩⲱ (A), pl. ⲁϩⲱⲣ (S, B, M), ⲁϩⲱⲱⲣ (S, F.), ⲉϩⲱⲣ (S, A, L) ‘treasure; treasury, store house’.
\r\n\r\n📖 Ref.: cf. Fournet 1989: 74; Mayser – Schmoll 1970: 27f.; McGready 1968: 252; Torallas Tovar 2004: 180.
","id":"136","name":"ἀωΐλιον","origin":["egyp"],"period":["hell"],"pubDate":"2022-06-14T21:23:48.285055+00:00","status":"PUBLISHED"}]}},"pageContext":{"word":{"id":"53","name":"αἴ","definition":"αἴ <Egyptian; Roman period>
\r\n\r\n👉 αἴ – an Egyptian gloss with the meaning of κάχρυ ‘a kind of incense plant (perh. Cachrys libanotis L. or Ferulago galbanifera (Mill.) W.D.J. Koch or another species)’ (Dsc. 3.74 RV).
\r\n\r\n⚠ Dsc. 3.74 RV: κάχρυ· (...) Αἰγύπτιοι αἴ. – “Kachry (an incense plant): (...) the Egyptians (call it) ai”.
\r\n\r\n🅔 An Egyptian word without etymology.
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